Disease relevance of Fludioxonil

• Combination of fludioxonil and the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 synergistically inhibited C. neoformans growth. mpk1Delta MAPK mutant strains exhibited fludioxonil hypersensitivity, indicating that this pathway also contributes to drug resistance [1].
• Fludioxonil at a concentration of 450 mg litre(-1), gave 98 and 92% control of blue mold of apples in the simulated shelf-life studies after CA and common cold storages, respectively [2].
• This conclusion is based on toxicity assays and northern analysis experiments which show that BcatrB replacement mutants, which do not express the BcatrB gene, show an increased sensitivity to the phenylpyrrole fungicides fludioxonil and fenpiclonil [3].

High impact information on Fludioxonil

• Furthermore, fludioxonil activates Hog1-type MAPKs in the plant pathogenic fungi Cochliobolus heterostrophus and Botrytis cinerea [4].
• These results strongly suggest that fludioxonil acts as a fungicide, in part, through activation of the MAPK cascade in fungal pathogens [4].
• Importantly, fludioxonil treatment also activates phosphorylation of Osc1, suggesting that improper activation of Osc1 by fludioxonil has negative effects on fungal growth [4].
• Analysis using a OSC1-GFP fusion gene indicated that Osc1 is rapidly translocated to the nucleus in appressorial cells after the addition of fludioxonil, suggesting that fludioxonil impairs the function of infection structures by activation of Osc1 [4].
• Consisting with the gene expression, the enzyme activity of glycerol dehydrogenase, but not glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was increased in response to osmotic stress and fludioxonil in the wild-type strain [5].

Biological context of Fludioxonil

• Fludioxonil exerted a fungistatic effect on the wild-type strain H99, but exhibited fungicidal activity against calcineurin mutant strains, indicating that the calcineurin pathway contributes to drug resistance in this fungus [1].
• Fludioxonil treatment caused cell growth inhibition following cell swelling and cytokinesis defects in the sensitive wild-type but not in a hog1Delta mutant strain, suggesting that Hog1 activation results in morphological cellular defects [1].
• In response to osmotic stress and fludioxonil, expression of six genes that for glycerol synthesis (gcy-1, gcy-3, and dak-1), gluconeogenesis (fbp-1 and pck-1), and catalase (ctt-1) was activated in the wild-type strain, but not in the os-2 mutant [5].
• By obtained results, we may suggest for the activation of those enzymes to be sensitive and valuable biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by fludioxonil [6].
• It is known that mutations within the histidine kinase NIK1/OS-1 gene confer resistance to iprodione and fludioxonil in Neurospora crassa, while the fungicide-insensitive S. cerevisiae has only one histidine kinase SLN1 gene in its genome [7].

Anatomical context of Fludioxonil

• However, fludioxonil induced strong antioxidative activities associated with cytosol enzymes, as we found for catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities [6].

Associations of Fludioxonil with other chemical compounds

• However, fungicides used to control Botrytis cinerea (procymidone, pyrimethanil, and fludioxonil) seem to have no marked effects on duckweed even at very high concentrations (50 mg.L(-1)) [8].
• Cyprodinil and fludioxonil are new-generation fungicides that are employed to protect grapevines from botrytis and various rots [9].
• Determination of fludioxonil and famoxadone in processed fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry [10].
• Control of blue mold (Penicillium expansum) by fludioxonil in apples (cv Empire) under controlled atmosphere and cold storage conditions [2].
• A reduced risk fungicide, fludioxonil, was tested for its efficacy against blue mold caused by thiabendazole-resistant and -sensitive Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom in apples under three storage conditions [2].

Gene context of Fludioxonil

• Analytical determination of cyprodinil, fludioxonil and pyrimethanil was performed by gas chromatography with an alkaline thermoionic detector (NPD), whereas that of quinoxyfen using an electron captor detector (ECD) [11].
• The ABC transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea is a determinant of the activity of the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil [3].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Fludioxonil

• Modulated PAM fluorometry and Plant Efficiency Analyser methods were used to investigate photosynthetic fluorescence parameters of alga Scenedesmus obliquus exposed to inhibitory effect of fungicides copper sulphate and fludioxonil (N-(4-nitrophenyl)-N'-propyl-uree) [6].

References