Disease relevance of histidine

• We have studied a very unusual strong polar mutant in the intercistronic barrier between the second (hisD) and third (hisC) cistrons of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium to obtain further insights into the molecular mechanisms leading to transcription termination within cistrons [1].
• The 2.6 A resolution crystal structure of Thermotoga maritima CheA (290-671) histidine kinase reveals a dimer where the functions of dimerization, ATP binding, and regulation are segregated into domains [2].
• Menkes disease mutations and response to early copper histidine treatment [3].
• NMR structure of the histidine kinase domain of the E. coli osmosensor EnvZ [4].
• In the isolated heart, histidine-modified TnI improves systolic and diastolic function and mitigates reperfusion-associated ventricular arrhythmias [5].

Psychiatry related information on histidine

• Effect of dietary histidine on olfaction, and rat brain and muscle concentration of histidine-containing dipeptides [6].
• Supplementation with L-histidine during dietary zinc repletion improves short-term memory in zinc-restricted young adult male rats [7].
• Reduced locomotor activity of rats made histidinemic by injection of histidine [8].
• Further experiments revealed that aromatic amino acids as well as histidine largely contributed to the phenomenon of 'non specific' induction of Id beta-lactamase in Ps. aeruginosa [9].
• L-Histidine was administered to three patients with intractable narcolepsy (20 g/day for 2 weeks), to 4 normal volunteers (32.4 g/day for 5 days), and to a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (48.6 g/day for 16 days) [10].

High impact information on histidine

• Most prokaryotic signal-transduction systems and a few eukaryotic pathways use phosphotransfer schemes involving two conserved components, a histidine protein kinase and a response regulator protein [11].
• The best-characterized B12-dependent mutases that catalyze carbon skeleton rearrangement, for which methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase is the prototype, also bind cobalamin cofactors with histidine as the cobalt ligand, although other cobalamin-dependent mutases do not appear to utilize histidine ligation [12].
• Recent work indicates physiological regulation of the expression of genes encoding cytosolic enzymes such as histidine decarboxylase, which converts histidine to histamine, and of secretory granule transporters such as vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, which concentrates amines in secretory vesicles [13].
• HAMP domains connect extracellular sensory with intracellular signaling domains in over 7500 proteins, including histidine kinases, adenylyl cyclases, chemotaxis receptors, and phosphatases [14].
• The HAMP domain is present in a large number of transmembrane proteins in prokaryotes including histidine kinases, adenylyl cyclases, chemotaxis receptors, and phosphatases [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of histidine

• Postmitochondrial supernatant from rat liver and kidney homogenates transformed cysteine into a mutagen that reverted bacteria of the strain Salmonella typhimurium TA100 to histidine independence [16].
• Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, a widely used flame-retardant additive for textiles, is mutagenic to histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium [17].
• After humans were treated at therapeutic doses with the trichomonacide metronidazole (Flagyl) and the antischistosomal agent niridazole mutagenic activity was demonstrable in their urines when tested with the histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium [18].
• It was previously demonstrated that L-histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, improves the specificity of cytarabine (ara-C) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) in DBA/2J mice bearing intraperitoneal L 1210 leukemia [19].
• Diarrhoea in vipoma patients associated with cosecretion of a second active peptide (peptide histidine isoleucine) explained by single coding gene [20].

Biological context of histidine

• Here, we identify an essential histidine kinase, CckA, that is responsible for CtrA activation by phosphorylation [21].
• We note that the amino acid sequence of SpoIIAB shows some similarity to a group of bacterial histidine protein kinases, and we find that SpoIIAB is indeed a protein kinase that phosphorylates SpoIIAA on a serine residue [22].
• The patient was homozygous for a point mutation that replaces histidine (CAT) with glutamine (CAG) at position 101 of the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein [23].
• AI-2 signal transduction in V. harveyi requires the integral membrane receptor LuxPQ, comprised of periplasmic binding protein (LuxP) and histidine sensor kinase (LuxQ) subunits [24].
• Cell cycle-dependent polar localization of an essential bacterial histidine kinase that controls DNA replication and cell division [21].

Anatomical context of histidine

• A cluster of cytoplasmic histidine residues specifies pH dependence of the AE2 plasma membrane anion exchanger [25].
• A quaternary complex formed which consisted of the response regulator CheY, the histidine protein kinase CheA, a coupling protein CheW and a membrane-bound chemoreceptor Tar. Using various experimental conditions and mutant proteins, we have shown that the complex dissociates under conditions that favour phosphorylation of CheY [26].
• In rhodopsin, the photoreceptor of retinal rod cells, we substituted histidine residues for natural amino acids at the cytoplasmic ends of the TM helices C and F. The resulting mutant proteins were able to activate the visual G protein transducin in the absence but not in the presence of metal ions [27].
• This pH-sensitive 'histidine button' engineered in TnI produces a titratable molecular switch that 'senses' changes in the intracellular milieu of the cardiac myocyte and responds by preferentially augmenting acute and long-term function under pathophysiological conditions [5].
• Here, an Escherichia coli hemoprotein, CcmE, was shown to bind heme in the bacterial periplasm by way of a single covalent bond to a histidine [28].

Associations of histidine with other chemical compounds

• For example, starvation of a rel- strain for histidine produces severe isoelectric point heterogeneity with little evidence of premature termination, while starvation for leucine has little effect on the isoelectric points, but produces a drastic decrease in the average molecular weight of the newly synthesized protein [29].
• To explore histidine phosphorylation during activation of human cells, stimulated platelets were analyzed for the formation of protein phosphohistidine in a model system employing P-selectin [30].
• Cytochrome c can be modified by [(NH3)5RuII/III-] specifically at the imidazole moiety of histidine 33, and we have recently discussed the thermodynamics and kinetics of electron transfer within this modified protein [31].
• Evidence for hydrogen bonding of bound dioxygen to the distal histidine of oxycobalt myoglobin and haemoglobin [32].
• Here we identify a eukaryotic two-component signalling circuit that initiates cytokinin signalling through distinct hybrid histidine protein kinase activities at the plasma membrane [33].

Gene context of histidine

• The transmembrane protein Sln1p contains an extracellular sensor domain and cytoplasmic histidine kinase and receiver domains, whereas the cytoplasmic protein Ssk1p contains a receiver domain [34].
• Exon amplification from cosmids covering this deleted region allowed identification of the human FHIT gene, a member of ther histidine triad gene family, which encodes a protein with 69% similarity to an S. pombe enzyme, diadenosine 5', 5''' P1, P4-tetraphosphate asymmetrical hydrolase [35].
• The HTS1 gene encodes both the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial histidine tRNA synthetases of S. cerevisiae [36].
• The histidine at position 1,106(aspartic acid in C4A) first attacks the thioester to form an acyl-imidazole intermediate [37].
• The deduced ERS protein has sequence similarity with the amino-terminal domain and putative histidine protein kinase domain of ETR1, but it does not have a receiver domain as found in ETR1 [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of histidine

• In this system, protein histidine kinases function as sensors and signal transducers [4].
• Residues of the constriction region, in particular histidine 182, which is conserved among all known water-specific channels, are critical in establishing water specificity [39].
• Southern blot analysis showed that the coding areas for Plasmodium actin, circumsporozoite protein, histidine-rich protein, ribosomal RNA's, and tubulin are each cleaved from genomic DNA to yield a single major band on an agarose gel [40].
• Here, we show that two neighboring histidine residues on NR2A represent the critical determinant (termed the "short spacer") for high-affinity, voltage-independent Zn2+ inhibition using the Xenopus oocyte expression system and site-directed mutagenesis [41].
• Methods and reagents is a unique monthly column that highlights current discussions in the newsgroup bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts, available on the Internet. This month's column discusses a contaminating protein from Escherichia coli found when histidine-tagged fusion proteins are purified by metal chelate affinity chromatography [42].

References