Disease relevance of Cuzd1

• As bFGF and estrogen both induce pttg, and pttg expression coincides with the early lactotrophic hyperplastic response, angiogenesis and prolactinoma development, we propose a previously unknown paracrine growth factor-mediated mechanism for pituitary tumor pathogenesis and potentially other estrogen-regulated tumors [1].
• ROS 17/2.8 and UMR-106-01, two established osteoblast-like cell lines derived from rat osteosarcomas, have been shown to have estrogen-regulated biologic responses [2].
• The putative tumor suppressor deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 is an estrogen-regulated gene in rodent and primate endometrial epithelium [3].
• The even distribution of estrogen binding among projection subsets suggests a lack of compartmentalization of estrogen-regulated processes that are relevant to lordosis [4].
• Identification of estrogen regulated genes in Fe33 rat hepatoma cells by differential display polymerase chain reaction and their hormonal regulation in rat liver and uterus [5].

High impact information on Cuzd1

• The estrogen-regulated protein from human cell lines is therefore immunologically similar to that from the rat Leydig cell [6].
• Regulated gene expression in single neurons can be linked to biophysical events and behavior in the case of estrogen-regulated gene expression in neurons in the ventrolateral portion of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus [7].
• In cotransfection experiments of Chinese hamster ovary cells with a clone 29 expression vector and an estrogen-regulated reporter gene, maximal stimulation (about 3-fold) of reporter gene activity was found during incubation with 10 nM of E2 [8].
• Selective inhibition of estrogen-regulated gene expression in vivo by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 [9].
• This estrogen-regulated expression of syndecan-3 may play an important role in changes in tissue ultrastructure crucial for proper uterine growth [10].

Biological context of Cuzd1

• Nucleotide sequence analysis of the full-length ERG1 cDNA indicates that it has an open reading frame of 1821 nuceotides encoding a putative protein of 607 amino acids with a single transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail [11].
• This estrogen-regulated enkephalinergic cell group may represent part of the neural network mediating estrogen's effects on reproductive behavior and/or other neuroendocrine processes [12].
• The kinetics of increase in estrogen-regulated messages was examined [13].
• Rat erg1 currents recorded in the cell-attached configuration were reduced by application of TRH to the extra-patch membrane in the majority of the experiments, confirming the involvement of a diffusible second messenger [14].
• Estrogen regulated twice as many genes as Ral, largely those associated with catalysis and metabolism, whereas Ral induced genes associated with cell death and negative cell regulation [15].

Anatomical context of Cuzd1

• Cloning and uterus/oviduct-specific expression of a novel estrogen-regulated gene (ERG1) [11].
• Spatio-temporal analyses reveal that ERG1 mRNA is expressed in a highly stage-specific manner in the uterus and oviduct, and its expression is restricted to the surface epithelium of both of these tissues [11].
• Estrogen-regulated synthesis of neurotensin in neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the female rat [16].
• NR-ISH experiments detected transcripts encoded by all three ERG genes in the cerebral cortex and in all CA subfields and in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; strong ERG1 signals were also detected in scattered large elements throughout the oriens, pyramidal, and radiatum layers, and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus [17].
• Finally, ERG1 expression was also revealed in non-neuronal elements such as ependymal and subependymal cells along the ventricular walls and hippocampal astrocytes [17].

Associations of Cuzd1 with chemical compounds

• Here we report the cloning of a novel gene (ERG1) that is tightly regulated by estrogen in two key reproductive tissues, the uterus and oviduct [11].
• In contrast, androgen stimulated expression of the male-specific SBP34, while estrogen and the estrogen-regulated continuous plasma growth hormone profile that is characteristic of adult female rats were suppressive toward this protein [18].
• An estrogen-regulated arginine esteropeptidase is present in the immature rat uterus [19].
• Characterization of a uterine luminal fluid protein ULF-250 using N-terminal microsequencing and RT-PCR identifies a novel estrogen-regulated gene in the rat uterus [20].
• Northern blot analysis showed that ERG1 mRNA was reduced by KA administration with and without SRS, but more so with SRS [21].

Regulatory relationships of Cuzd1

• The low-density lipoprotein receptor is regulated by estrogen and forms a functional complex with the estrogen-regulated protein ezrin in pituitary GH3 somatolactotropes [22].

Other interactions of Cuzd1

• These findings thus indicate that 1) interaction between ER and Pit-1 proteins is estrogen-regulated in ways specific to different cell types, and 2) auxiliary protein factor synthesis may be involved in this process [23].
• The expression of genes well known to be estrogen regulated, such as progesterone receptor, intestinal calcium-binding protein, and complement component 3, is not affected by consumption of the soy/alfalfa-based diet when assessed by microarray or quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis [24].
• We applied the differential display RT-PCR (ddRT-PCR) technology to identify estrogen-regulated hepatic genes in the estrogen receptor expressing rat hepatoma cell line Fe33 [5].
• Growth-associated protein 43 kDa (GAP-43) gene expression is estrogen-regulated in the adult ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and sexually dimorphic (M:F = 1.8:1) in adult cortex (CTX) [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cuzd1

• To further our hypothesis that thrombin is an estrogen-regulated uterine growth factor, we used immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and coagulation assays to localize the cell types in which these proteins are increased by estradiol [26].
• Two of these estrogen-regulated genes, designated ARG-33 and ARG-40, were further characterized using Northern blot hybridizations [27].
• The expression of two estrogen-regulated early response genes c-fos and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and DNA synthesis were analysed at 1-24 h after treatment of ovariectomized rats [28].
• This differential expression had also been confirmed by in situ hybridization, which showed that ERG1 mRNA was down-regulated in the dorsal dentate granule cells (dDGCs) of the hippocampal formation, but remarkable up-regulated in the amygdalohippocampal area (AHi), posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (PMCo) and perirhinal cortex (PRh) [21].
• Sequence analysis revealed that ERG1 has high sequence similarity with the cDNA of the Mus musculus suppressor of K(+) transport growth defect (SKD2), N-ethylmaleimide(NEM)-sensitive fusion protein of Chinese hamster and human NEM-sensitive factor (HSU03985) [21].

References