Disease relevance of exf

• Skin exfoliation and purulent conjunctivitis in a new mutant-the exfoliative mouse [1].
• Gram-negative bacilli are present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the conjunctivitis stage, and in skin during the exfoliative period [1].
• Exfoliative toxin A, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, causes blisters in bullous impetigo and its more generalized form, staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome [2].
• Conformational epitopes of antidesmoglein autoantibodies in pemphigus patients' sera and the specific cleavage site of desmoglein 1 by exfoliative toxin have been identified, implicating the N-terminal extracellular domains of the desmogleins as critical regions for controlling intercellular adhesion [3].
• Certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus express one or both of two related, but immunologically distinct, exfoliative toxins (ETA and ETB) [4].

High impact information on exf

• We show here that exfoliative toxin A cleaved mouse and human Dsg1, but not closely related cadherins such as Dsg3 [2].
• Although exfoliative toxin A has the structure of a serine protease, a target protein has not been identified [2].
• Certain mutations also affected differently the recognition of two Staphylococcal toxins, exfoliative toxin and Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2, presented by HLA-DR1 [5].
• The X-linked mutation, scurfy (sf), causes a fatal lymphoreticular disease characterized by runting, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, exfoliative dermatitis, Coombs'-positive anemia, and death by 24 days of age [6].
• Identification of the Staphylococcus aureus etd pathogenicity island which encodes a novel exfoliative toxin, ETD, and EDIN-B [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of exf

• Although the role of exfoliative toxin in staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome has been suggested to be that of a serine protease, it has not been demonstrated to show proteolytic activity [8].
• In this study, we purified shET and compared the biological and physicochemical properties of shET and Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin (sETA and sETB). shET was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulofine A-500 column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7.5% polyacrylamide) [9].
• Exfoliative toxin was isolated from strain DI of Staphylococcus aureus using carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxylapatite chromatography [10].
• A 2-month-old premature infant had an extensive exfoliative dermatitis with flaccid bullae, mucous membrane involvement, thrombocytopenia, and an elevated creatinine kinase level [11].

Biological context of exf

• A spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation has been named the exfoliative mouse (genotype ex/ex) [1].
• The loci for the exfoliative toxin B gene and the cadmium resistance gene(s) were identified on a restriction map of plasmid pRW001 [12].
• A battery of potential alternatives to the Draize test: uridine uptake inhibition, morphological cytotoxicity, macrophage chemotaxis and exfoliative cytology [13].
• As an extension of this theory, the exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which causes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and bullous impetigo, was found to specifically cleave desmoglein1 and induce the identical histology to pemphigus foliaceus [14].

Anatomical context of exf

• Here we demonstrate that recombinant exfoliative toxins produced in Escherichia coli do not act as T-cell mitogens and thus are not bacterial superantigens [15].
• We also observed that both human and murine keratinocytes cultured in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B or exfoliative toxin produce increased amounts of cytokine(s) capable of stimulating thymocytes and D10 cells, and that this toxin activity is independent of the level of expression of class II on keratinocytes [16].
• Nitric oxide is produced in response to the exfoliative toxins only by the lipopolysaccharide-responsive macrophages [17].
• The data show that both Langerhans cells and class II-bearing keratinocytes can act as accessory cells in the T-cell response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B and exfoliative toxin [16].
• Susceptibility of various animals and cultured cells to exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus [18].

Associations of exf with chemical compounds

• Detection of staphylococcal exfoliative toxin by slide latex agglutination [19].
• Only 2 (1.3%) of the 153 methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates produced exfoliative toxin, while 17 (7.5%) of the 228 methicillin-sensitive isolates produced exfoliative toxin [20].
• By acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis this single peak was found to contain 2 components both of which posessed exfoliative activity and the same antigenic properties [21].

Other interactions of exf

• We demonstrate this specific cleavage in cell culture, in neonatal mouse skin and with recombinant Dsg1, and conclude that Dsg1 is the specific receptor for exfoliative toxin A cleavage [2].
• Substitution of any of the Tyr residues decreased exfoliative activity compared with that of native sETB (4,000 EU/ml) [22].
• The ratio of 5'-nucleotidase to ATPase activity in the microvesicles indicated that cellular ecto-ATPase was conserved in the exfoliative process [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of exf

• The F(ab')(2) fragment ELISA is superior to existing diagnostic systems because it is quantitative, which may be related to the severity of the condition, and can detect amounts of exfoliative toxin in the picogram range directly from serum [24].
• The sensitivity and specificity of the EXT-RPLA were confirmed by the newborn mouse bioassay and a PCR assay for the structural genes for exfoliative toxin serotypes A and B (eta and etb, respectively) [20].
• Detection of the exfoliative toxin is required for diagnosis; the newborn mouse bioassay is, therefore, usually performed [25].
• However, rapid bedside confirmation is now possible with exfoliative cytology and frozen sections [26].
• Body mass index did not differ significantly between patients with primary open-angle, exfoliative, and pigment-dispersion glaucoma and showed no correlation with the quantitative data of the meshwork [27].

References