Disease relevance of Spnb4

• Under static and dynamic flow conditions (0.46 dyn/cm2) bis-(O-aminophenoxyl)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid pretreatment of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers inhibited melanoma cell adhesion to the endothelial cells [1].
• Chronic treatment of rodents with 2,4-dithiobiuret (DTB) induces a neuromuscular syndrome of flaccid muscle weakness that mimics signs seen in several human neuromuscular disorders such as congenital myasthenic syndromes, botulism, and neuroaxonal dystrophy [2].
• Here we report that the CD44 expressed on mouse lymphoma BW5147 cells supports cell binding to immobilized CS under static conditions and mediates cell rolling in CS-coated glass capillary tubes under shear stresses ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 dyn/cm(2), which is within the physiological range of forces in venules [3].
• Neuroaxonal dystrophy is a feature of neuronal degeneration encountered in all subacute spongiform "virus" encephalopathies, including scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) [4].
• Spongiform vacuolation, extensive myelin and axonal lesions and neuroaxonal dystrophy accompanied by abundant astrocytic gliosis comprise the pattern of the pathological changes at the ultrastructural level [5].

Psychiatry related information on Spnb4

• Spongiform vacuoles, widespread myelin and axonal pathology, accompanied by abundant macrophagic reaction and neuroaxonal dystrophy, were consistently found in mice infected with CJD virus [6].
• Neuroaxonal dystrophy: an ultrastructural link between subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies and Alzheimer's disease [7].

High impact information on Spnb4

• At the end of incubation endothelial cells were perfused with total leukocyte suspension in a parallel plate flow chamber under laminar flow (1.5 dyn/cm2) [8].
• At a wall shear stress of 1.85 dyn/cm2, neutrophils were found to attach to E-selectin expressed on the apical surface of L cell monolayers [9].
• Here, we show that fluid shear above a threshold of 0.5 dyn/cm2 wall shear stress significantly enhances HL-60 myelocyte rolling on P- and E-selectin at site densities of 200/microm2 and below [10].
• The mean shear viscosity and elasticity of the intranuclear region of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts are 520 Poise (P) and 180 dyn/cm(2), respectively [11].
• RESULTS: At T0, HUVEC were either exposed to SS (15 dyn/cm2/s(-1)), treated with SNP or kept in static condition (ST) for 1-12 h; after additional 12 h in ST, 30-35% of cells still alive at T0 had died [12].

Biological context of Spnb4

• A new mouse model for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, inad mouse, maps to mouse chromosome 1 [13].
• Pathologically the phenotype resembled, to a certain extent, neuroaxonal dystrophy [14].

Anatomical context of Spnb4

• Flow cytometry was used to identify proliferating CD31-positive pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (mPMVECs) from wild-type, Kir6.2-/-, and gp91phox-/- mice. mPMVECs were labeled with PKH26 and cultured in artificial capillaries for 72 h at 5 dyn/cm2 (flow adaptation), followed by 24 h of stop flow or continued flow [15].
• Pathological examination revealed neuroaxonal dystrophy and degeneration in the gracile nucleus of the medulla oblongata and the gracile fascicules of the spinal cord, which could be the main cause of the clinical signs [16].
• Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) was found in long-term centrifuged rats and was characterized by axons filled with reticulated mitochondria [17].
• Up to a shear stress of 5.5 dyn/cm2, where 95% of the data points were found, the dystrophic erythrocytes were slightly but significantly more deformable than the normal erythrocytes [18].
• We subjected these cells to 90 min of laminar fluid shear stress (10 dyn/cm(2)) and compared the PGE(2) and PGI(2) release and induction of cyclooxygenase-2 protein to control cells with intact cytoskeletons [19].

Associations of Spnb4 with chemical compounds

• Nitrite production (2,3-diaminonaphthalene fluorometric assay) increased 12-, 16-, and 23-fold at 3.3, 10, and 30 dyn/cm(2), respectively, compared with static control cultures [20].
• Preincubation with the non-isoform-specific NO synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester reduced nitrite production by 83% in response to 30 dyn/cm(2) [20].
• Chronic phenytoin administration to mice is a new experimental model of neuroaxonal dystrophy [21].
• The antianalgesic effect of dynorphin A (1-17) (dyn A) was demonstrated by i.c.v. administration of agonists (morphine, Tyr-D-Ala2-Gly-N-MePhe4-Gly-ol5, D-Pen2-D-Pen5-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, U50,488H and physostigmine) at 10 min and intrathecal administration of dyn A at 5 min before the tail-flick test in mice [22].
• Importantly, the lowest shear stress tested (4.5 dyn/cm2) for 3 h washed away cells on chitosan suggesting weak cell adhesion [23].

Other interactions of Spnb4

• These results indicate that this mutant mouse is a potential animal model for human degenerative disease of the nervous system, such as neuroaxonal dystrophy and the spinocerebellar ataxia [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Spnb4

• We also determined that the shear stress at the cell surface could be reduced by as much as 30 times (channel height of 100 microm) in the grooved-substrate (0.5 dyn/cm(2)) bioreactor compared to the flat-substrate (15 dyn/cm(2)) bioreactor for a medium flow rate of 4.0 mL/min [25].

References