Disease relevance of Chitosan

• Binding of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and cellulose was moderate, and to chitin and chitosan it was little [1].
• We report the 2.4 A X-ray crystal structure of a protein with chitosan endo-hydrolase activity isolated from Streptomyces N174 [2].
• This study reports the efficacy and lack of toxicity of intravenously administered encapsulated anti-RhoA siRNA in chitosan-coated polyisohexylcyanoacrylate (PIHCA) nanoparticles in xenografted aggressive breast cancers (MDA-MB-231) [3].
• Intravenous delivery of anti-RhoA small interfering RNA loaded in nanoparticles of chitosan in mice: safety and efficacy in xenografted aggressive breast cancer [3].
• Effect of chitosan on plasma lipoprotein concentrations in type 2 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolemia [4].

Psychiatry related information on Chitosan

• By controlling the reaction time and by monitoring the reaction products with gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography, chitosan oligosaccharides with a desired oligosaccharide content and composition were obtained [5].
• It highlights the applications of chitosan as an antimicrobial agent against fungi, bacteria, and viruses and as an elicitor of plant defense mechanisms [6].
• It is proposed that a combination therapy with liposomes and micelles of paclitaxel for systemic delivery along with implantation of chitosan film for local delivery, may serve not only to improve patient compliance by obliterating the need to administer Cremophor EL, but also increase patient survival [7].

High impact information on Chitosan

• Oral administration of DNA nanoparticles synthesized by complexing plasmid DNA with chitosan, a natural biocompatible polysaccharide, resulted in transduced gene expression in the intestinal epithelium [8].
• In addition, chs7 null mutants show the yeast phenotypes associated with a lack of chitin: reduced mating efficiency and lack of the chitosan ascospore layer, clear indications of Chs7p function throughout the S. cerevisiae biological cycle [9].
• Chs3 is also required for chitin synthesized in the presence of alpha-pheromone or deposited in the cell wall of cdc mutants at nonpermissive temperature, and for chitosan in spore walls [10].
• Suramin inhibits initiation of defense signaling by systemin, chitosan, and a beta-glucan elicitor in suspension-cultured Lycopersicon peruvianum cells [11].
• A mutant tomato line compromised in the octadecanoid pathway does not exhibit PG activity or H2O2 in response to wounding, systemin, OGA, or chitosan, but does respond to MJ, indicating that the generation of H2O2 requires a functional octadecanoid signaling pathway [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chitosan

• When chitosan polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by a binary enzyme system consisting of A. orientalis GlcNase and Streptomyces sp. N174 endochitosanase, the highest synergy in the rate of product formation was observed at the molar ratio 2:1 [13].
• This study is the first to show a direct correlation between lowering of serum cholesterol with chitosan and inhibition of atherogenesis, and suggests that the agent could be used to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in individuals with hypercholesterolaemia [14].
• A significant interaction was found between the effects of pH and autolysis promoters on the bacterial population in YE, indicating that the activity of ethyl acetate, as opposed to that of chitosan, was not influenced by pH [15].
• Therapeutic angiogenesis induced by controlled release of fibroblast growth factor-2 from injectable chitosan/non-anticoagulant heparin hydrogel in a rat hindlimb ischemia model [16].
• Glycol chitosan improves the efficacy of intranasally administrated replication defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 1 [17].

Biological context of Chitosan

• This structural difference in the active site cleft is the reason why the enzymes specifically recognize different substrates and catalyze different types of chitosan degradation [18].
• Furthermore, the effect of NO supplementation to fracture healing was studied by delivering NO to the fracture site using carboxybutyl chitosan NONOate locally [19].
• They catalyse the hydrolysis of N-acetamido bonds of chitin, converting it to chitosan [20].
• Two lipid transfection agents, GenePORTER and TransFast, mediated a weak gene expression in the hypoglossal system, but not two polymers, poly-l-lysine and chitosan [21].
• The effects of chitosan and cholestyramine on intestinal absorption of oleic acid and cholesterol were assessed in adult male rats with cannulae in the thoracic duct lymphatic channel [22].

Anatomical context of Chitosan

• Effective in vivo RNA interference was achieved in bronchiole epithelial cells of transgenic EGFP mice after nasal administration of chitosan/siRNA formulations (37% and 43% reduction compared to mismatch and untreated control, respectively) [23].
• CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that suppression of airway inflammation by intranasal administration of peptide antigen adsorbed to chitosan is initiated by transient T-cell activation and maintained by the production of IL-10 by antigen-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes [24].
• We also conjugated the A3G75 and A3G83 peptides on chitosan membranes to test their potential as bio-materials [25].
• Our results demonstrate that chitosan acts by enhancing the T helper cell type 2 (Th2)/Th3 microenvironment in the mucosa [26].
• Herein, we characterized in Peyer's patches mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen molecular events triggered after oral administration of chitosan in the absence of protein antigen [26].

Associations of Chitosan with other chemical compounds

• A 48-kDa MBP kinase activity also increases in response to polygalacturonic acid and chitosan but not in response to jasmonic acid or phytodienoic acid [27].
• Analysis of cell wall composition demonstrated complete loss of alpha glucan accompanied by a compensatory increase in chitin/chitosan and a redistribution of beta glucan between cell wall fractions [28].
• On feeding a high cholesterol diet for 20 days, addition of 2 to 5% chitosan resulted in a significant reduction, by 25 to 30%, of plasma cholesterol without influencing food intake and growth [29].
• The effect of oligogalacturonic acid (OGA), a degradation product of the plant cell wall, and chitosan (beta-1,4-linked glucosamine), a component of the fungal cell wall, on stomatal movements were examined in leaf epidermis of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and Commelina communis L [30].
• We found that yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) elicitor and chitosan, both elicitors of plant defense responses, also activate this current and activation requires cytosolic NAD(P)H [31].

Gene context of Chitosan

• The chitosan- and ozone-activated kinases have characteristics of MAPKs-they preferentially phosphorylate MBP, require tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation to be activated and are specifically recognized by anti-ERK and anti-pERK antibodies [32].
• A chitosan-mediated translocation of PKC alpha but not PKC beta or delta from the cytosol to the membrane fraction, indicative of PKC alpha activation was observed [33].
• In this study, we examined the effect of chitosan on cyclooxygenase pathway and cytokines production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages [34].
• Although the FGF-1, FGF-2, and VEGF(165)-incorporated chitosan hydrogels on a culture plate significantly stimulated HUVEC growth, the stimulating activity of the growth factor-incorporated chitosan hydrogel was completely cancelled out by washing the hydrogel with PBS solution for 3 days or more [35].
• CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that chitosan-alginate gel/MSCs/BMP-2 composites could become clinically useful injectable materials to generate new bone [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chitosan

• Effect of molecular weight on the exponential growth and morphology of hyaluronan/chitosan multilayers: a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy investigation [37].
• Biochemical analyses and immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that CHB1 binds strongly to alpha-chitin, but neither to chitosan and beta-chitin, nor to various types of cellulose [38].
• Here, we report the crystallization of a 29,500 dalton protein with chitosan endo-hydrolase activity isolated from Streptomyces N174 [39].
• RESULTS: Mice given peptide adsorbed to chitosan had significant reductions in airway eosinophilia, which correlated with reduced levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [24].
• At histologic analysis, chitosan microspheres filled the lumen more compactly than did other particles [40].

References