Disease relevance of Medulla Oblongata

• These results show that neuropeptide Y inhibits norepinephrine release partially mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and the pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins in rat medulla oblongata [1].
• We previously reported that rabbits with quadriplegia, after a single intracisternal injection of gentamicin sulfate, have multiple minute lesions in the white matter of the upper cervical spinal cord and the lower medulla oblongata, most marked at the C2 segment, when light microscopy is used to study the histopathologic changes [2].
• Effects of chronic prenatal hypoxia on tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase messenger RNA and protein levels in medulla oblongata of postnatal rat [3].
• Decrease in pH of the cerebrospinal fluid followed by hypercapnia (increased arterial CO2) is monitored by the chemosensory neurons of the medulla oblongata [4].
• Hypotension activates neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the rat medulla oblongata [5].

Psychiatry related information on Medulla Oblongata

• Antagonistic effects of stimulation of the paramedian reticular nucleus in the rat medulla oblongata and of amphetamine on locomotor activity and striatal release of dopamine-like material [6].
• The effect of stress on MT levels was independent of changes in cytosolic Zn content; this was generally unaffected by stress or food and water deprivation but decreased in pons plus medulla oblongata from stressed rats [7].
• Acetylcholinesterase activity in the pons and medulla oblongata of rats after chronic electroconvulsive shock [8].

High impact information on Medulla Oblongata

• In situ hybridization has revealed considerable overlap in their expression within the nervous system, but Rnx is singularly expressed in the developing dorsal and ventral region of the medulla oblongata [9].
• Wnt-1 and a related gene, Wnt-3a, are coexpressed from early somite stages in dorsal aspects of the myelencephalon and spinal cord [10].
• In the CNS, true gastrin molecules, gastrin-17 and gastrin-34 have been located only in the neurohypophysis, hypothalamus and occasionally in the medulla oblongata (unpublished results) [11].
• These neuroendocrine responses are initiated by afferent signals from cardiovascular receptors which synapse in the medulla oblongata and are relayed either directly or indirectly to hypothalamic neurons controlling ACTH, prolactin, and oxytocin release [12].
• Synaptic vesicles from the rat medulla oblongata also contain glycine and exhibit a higher GABA and a lower glutamate concentration than cortical vesicles [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Medulla Oblongata

• This observation encouraged a treatment of severe apneusis with buspirone, an agonist for 5-HT1A receptors, in a child after neurosurgery for an astrocytoma in the pons and medulla oblongata [14].
• The noradrenaline concentration and the alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MPT)-induced disappearance of noradrenaline were determined in several nuclei of the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata of renal hypertensive rats (two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension) [15].
• Pulmonary edema as a cause for fulminant death following microinjection of kainic acid into the rat medulla oblongata [16].
• Our results indicate that flurothyl-induced generalized seizures in rats activate catecholaminergic neurons in the pons and medulla oblongata [17].
• The adequacy of a histopathological diagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) based exclusively on observations of neuroparenchymal vacuolation in three specific neuroanatomic nuclei was tested by using a standard coronal section of medulla oblongata cut at the obex [18].

Biological context of Medulla Oblongata

• Since hypothalamus and medulla oblongata are the possible active sites of this system, basal GABA contents and in vivo GABA turnover rates were measured in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata [19].
• The excitatory postsynaptic NMDA currents of pre-Botzinger complex interneurons and hypoglossal motoneurons, which are located in the medulla oblongata, show remarkably fast deactivation kinetics of approximately 30 ms compared with NMDA receptors in other types of neurons [20].
• Astroglial cells from mouse cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, olfactory bulbs, and medulla oblongata were grown in the presence of either hormones (hydrocortisone, insulin) or cell second messengers (dBcAMP, dBcGMP) [21].
• 2. Cerebral vasodilatation in the medulla oblongata was produced by adding papaverine to the blood perfusing the brain stem [22].
• PNMT-immunoreactive neurones could first be visualized on day 13 of gestation, in the ventrolateral and dorsal medulla oblongata, and probably corresponding to those of the C1 and C2 groups [23].

Anatomical context of Medulla Oblongata

• The following brain regions contained alpha-neo-endorphin/dynorphin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals: the median forebrain bundle, the internal capsule, the substantia nigra, the hypothalamus, the nucleus accumbens, the hippocampus, and the medulla oblongata [24].
• In situ hybridization on mouse embryos ranging from 9 to 16 days post-coitum localized murine Og12x mRNA in the heart, otic region, maxillary and mandibular components of the first branchial arch, nasal processes, eyelid, midbrain, medulla oblongata, limbs, dorsal root ganglia and genital tubercle [25].
• In situ hybridization with 35S-labelled antisense riboprobes derived from Ghox 2.1 demonstrates that this gene is expressed at high levels in spinal chord, myelencephalon and mesonephros [26].
• We demonstrate here that one member of this family, Pbx3, is expressed at high levels predominantly in the developing central nervous system, including a region of the medulla oblongata that is implicated in the control of respiration [27].
• The secretin precursor gene is highly expressed in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain and the hypophysis, the expression levels of which are comparable to those in the duodenum [28].

Associations of Medulla Oblongata with chemical compounds

• Serotonin neurons and fibers on the subpial surface of the ventral medulla oblongata in the rat are described by immunohistochemistry and autoradiography [29].
• Fifteen years ago epinephrine cells were shown to be present in the medulla oblongata of the rat [30].
• We have examined the effect on respiration of the steroid hormone progesterone, administered either intravenously or directly into the medulla oblongata in anesthetized and paralyzed male and female cats [31].
• Molecular and biochemical characterization of a serine proteinase predominantly expressed in the medulla oblongata and cerebellar white matter of mouse brain [32].
• In the present study we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of galanin on norepinephrine release in rat medulla oblongata [33].

Gene context of Medulla Oblongata

• Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies further localized ACSBG2 expression to testicular Sertoli cells and large motoneurons in the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord [34].
• In the adult CNS, tPA was expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in many types of neurons, in particular in thalamus, cortex of cerebellum, pontine nuclei, neocortex, limbic system, and medulla oblongata [35].
• From E11.5 to birth several Nkx-5.1 expression domains appear in the brain between the ventral diencephalon and the myelencephalon [36].
• Distribution and relationships of neuropeptide Y and NADPH-diaphorase in human ventrolateral medulla oblongata [37].
• Thus, MFRP with CRD might play key roles in medulla oblongata as a regulator of the WNT signaling pathway [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Medulla Oblongata

• In contrast to PNMT in the sympathetic nervous system, PNMT activity in medulla oblongata was not affected in neonates or adults by the decrease in glucocorticoids following adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy [39].
• Release by electrical stimulation of endogenous glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and other amino acids from slices of the rat medulla oblongata [40].
• In vivo voltammetry or microdialysis was used to monitor catecholaminergic metabolism in the C1 region of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata of anesthetized rats [41].
• Glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were measured in homogenates of cerebral cortex (prefrontal and frontal), caudate nuclei, hypothalamus, cerebellum (cortex and vermis), and medulla oblongata as their o-phthalaldehyde derivatives by HPLC using fluorescence detection [42].
• Immobilization per se did not alter brain 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and TP levels, but decreased NA in the pons plus medulla oblongata and hypothalamus [43].

References