Disease relevance of Scapula

• Within the next year, a diffuse mixed small and large cell lymphoma of his scapula developed with amyloid in its stroma [1].
• Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a solitary metastasis to the scapula. Case report and review of the literature [2].
• A 14-year-old boy with massive osteolysis of the right scapula was treated by irradiation with a total dose of 58 Gy, using cobalt 60 (2 Gy per fraction) in 1983 and 1984 [3].
• S-100 protein expression may be related to a chondroid metaplasia of fibroblast-like cells in response to the continuous traumatic process occuring during the friction between the scapula and the underlying chest wall [4].

High impact information on Scapula

• In addition, loss of beta-catenin results in a severe agenesis of the scapula [5].
• Such dysmorphogenesis is preceded by ectopic Pax3 expression in the hypaxial part of the dermomyotome, a region from which the blade of the scapula normally derives [6].
• Here we addressed the development of the scapula, firstly, by analysing the relationship between Pax1 expression and chondrogenesis and, secondly, by determining the developmental origin of the scapula using chick quail chimeric analysis [7].
• The role of Emx2 during scapula formation [8].
• Furthermore, we show that the formation of the scapula head is dependent, scapula blade formation independent of FGFR-1-mediated signaling [8].

Biological context of Scapula

• Post-embedding-decalcified thin sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed and Araldite-embedded specimens of calf scapula were incubated with rabbit antisera to bovine osteonectin and bone Gla-protein, and the sites of antigen-antibody reaction were demonstrated using the Protein A-gold technique [9].

Anatomical context of Scapula

• Micromanipulation experiments revealed that ectoderm ablation over the somites does not affect Emx2 expression but inhibits the formation of the scapula blade indicating that Emx2 is not sufficient to induce scapula blade formation [8].
• The relative contribution of cysteine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases to the resorption process in osteoclasts derived from long bone and scapula [10].
• Osteonectin and bone Gla-protein have been localized at the ultrastructural level in calf scapula bone tissue [9].
• RESULTS: The scapula was further from the midline and lower on the thorax on the affected side in the low-tone group (p < .05) [11].
• Cadaveric shoulders were elevated in the coronal, scapular, and sagittal planes while the scapula, clavicle, and humerus were kinematically tracked [12].

Associations of Scapula with chemical compounds

• Pretreatment with probenecid achieved maximum concentrations of 1.7 and 2.8 micrograms/g in the humerus and scapula, respectively [13].
• Inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.1) was purified from pig scapula cartilage by fractionation with N-cetylpyridinium chloride and (NH4)2SO4, followed by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography [14].
• In addition, pain in the suprascapular region was referred from C4/5, C5/6, and C4, that in the superior angle of the scapula from C6/7, C6, and C7, and that in the mid-scapular region from C7/Th1 and C7 [15].
• Azlocillin (AZL) and cefonicid (CFD) penetration into rabbit humerus and scapula was evaluated with and without concomitantly administered probenecid [13].
• The strength of active external rotation and of abduction of the shoulder when the humerus was in the plane of the scapula (30 degrees of horizontal flexion anterior to the coronal plane) was measured isokinetically and isometrically in thirty-nine normal volunteers, who were stratified by age and sex [16].

Gene context of Scapula

• Agenesis of the scapula in Emx2 homozygous mutants [17].
• (1) The scapula develops in a rostral-to-caudal direction and overt chondrification is preceded by an accumulation of Pax1-expressing cells [7].
• Properties of inorganic pyrophosphatase of pig scapula cartilage [18].
• Patients with serratus palsy may present with pain, weakness, limitation of shoulder elevation, and scapular winging with medial translation of the scapula, rotation of the inferior angle toward the midline, and prominence of the vertebral border [19].
• Acquired winged scapula in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Scapula

• The dog underwent multiple operations involving internal fixation of the fractured scapula with wire and a plate, followed by extensive chemotherapy with antibiotics and prednisolone [21].
• The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation [22].

References