Disease relevance of cobalt

• Letter: Cobalt intoxication in uraemic myocardiopathy [1]?
• An identical dose of Cobalt irradiated M leprae induced at five weeks a predominantly macrophage granuloma in both the large and small bowel, with no significant difference in the degree of infiltration at the two sites [2].
• Eight women with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia, of whom six had macroadenomas and two had microadenomas, were treated with conventional (cobalt-60) external radiotherapy, and their progress was monitored for eight to 15 years [3].
• Live BCG (Pasteur) induced a granuloma containing epithelioid cells while Cobalt irradiated Mycobacterium leprae induced a granuloma comprised of phagocytic macrophages [4].
• From 1968 to 1987, 123 consecutive patients with nonmetastatic choroidal melanoma were treated with cobalt-60 plaques [5].

High impact information on cobalt

• The survival of thyroid allografts in mice was prolonged by either holding the grafts in vitro culture for 20 to 27 days or by cobalt-60 irradiation of the donor 2 days before transplantation with or without the intravenous injection of colloidal carbon just before removing the thyroid from the donor [6].
• Letter: Cobalt, cardiomyopathy, and dialysis [7].
• Similar analysis of a separate series of cell strains, derived from foci induced by cobalt-60, revealed four patterns of loss of heterozygosity, only two of which had been found with those induced by MNU [8].
• BAEC in serum-free media were irradiated with a cobalt-60 Gammacell 220 and the cell supernatants were assayed for chemotactic activity for human neutrophils in a Boyden chamber [9].
• To investigate this discrepancy, nitrogen-saturated aqueous solutions containing 15 mM DMPO were cobalt-60 gamma irradiated (dose rate = 223 Gy/min) for periods of 0.25-6 min, and ESR absorption spectra were observed approximately 30 s after irradiation [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of cobalt

• METHODS: Thirteen enucleated eyes with posterior uveal melanoma that were treated by brachytherapy (cobalt 60 or ruthenium 106 radioactive plaques) were included in this study [11].
• High-Level Resistance to Cobalt and Nickel but Probably No Transenvelope Efflux: Metal Resistance in the Cuban Serratia marcescens Strain C-1 [12].
• Iridium-192 versus cobalt-60 boost in 3-7 cm breast cancer treated by irradiation alone: final results of a randomized trial [13].
• Serial ultrasonic measurements of 82 uveal melanomas treated with brachytherapy plaques (cobalt-60 and iodine-125) and followed up for up to 141 months revealed that no two patients had identical patterns of change [14].
• METHODS: Cobalt chloride and recombinant human EGF were used to stimulate the hepatoma cell lines HepG(2) [15].

Biological context of cobalt

• The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) relative to cobalt-60 gamma radiation was determined under conditions of complete oxygenation [16].
• Enzyme Deactivation Due to Metal-Ion Dissociation during Turnover of the Cobalt-beta-Lactamase Catalyzed Hydrolysis of beta-Lactams [17].
• Survival rates and visual acuity of 100 patients treated for posterior uveal malignant melanoma by cobalt-60 plaque radiotherapy were compared with 150 patients treated by enucleation for the same disease [18].
• B6D2F1 mice received cobalt-60 radiation on day 10.5 of gestation at doses of 50 to 300 rad at a dose rate of 40 rad per min [19].
• 3. Cobalt application was used to block synaptic transmission and demonstrate that APB does not have a direct excitatory action on ganglion cells [20].

Anatomical context of cobalt

• Transparent plastic replicas of cobalt-60 applicators for the management of choroid tumors [21].
• The pulmonary effects of neutron and gamma irradiation were compared in a group of beagle dogs that were subjected to hemithorax irradiation with cobalt-60 gamma rays or 15-MeV neutrons [22].
• Human keratinocyte cells and CHO-K1 mutant cell lines were irradiated using cobalt 60 [23].
• The authors investigated the impact of local intraocular tumor relapse on survival in a matched-group comparison study of patients with primary choroidal or ciliary body melanoma managed with cobalt 60 plaque radiotherapy [24].
• Late effects of 50 MeV d leads to Be neutron and cobalt-60 irradiation of rhesus monkey cervical spinal cord [25].

Associations of cobalt with other chemical compounds

• Modification of a standard cobalt-60 unit for total body irradiation at 150 cm SSD [26].
• Female C3H/HeN mice were administered amifostine (Ethyol, US Bioscience, Inc, West Conshohocken, PA) (200 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes before cobalt-60 irradiation and G-CSF (125 micrograms/kg/d subcutaneously from days 1 to 16 after irradiation [27].
• [reaction: see text] Cobalt catalysis enables a new method for the generation of zinc enolates using diethylzinc to reduce alpha,beta-unsaturated amides [28].
• 6. WR-1065 (4 mM) was added to the culture medium either 30 minutes prior to and during irradiation with Cobalt-60 gamma rays (for dose response experiments) or during the repair times tested (for DNA rejoining experiments) [29].
• Irradiation of the mouse lip mucosa with cobalt-60 gamma rays and d(50)+Be neutrons; combination with bleomycin [30].

Gene context of cobalt

• Recombination frequency increased approximately twofold across the dpy-5-unc-13 interval after treatment with 2000 rads (1 rad = 10 mGy) of cobalt 60 gamma radiation [31].
• Quantitative analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers in mesenteric blood vessels of rats irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma rays [32].
• Characteristics of an Albumin Cobalt Binding Test for assessment of acute coronary syndrome patients: a multicenter study [33].
• With a cut point of 90 U/mL, the Albumin Cobalt Binding Test had 80% sensitivity and 31% specificity for diagnosing ischemia and a negative predictive value of 92% [34].
• Variation in the expression of p53, c-myc, and bcl-2 oncoproteins in individual patient cultures of normal urothelium exposed to cobalt 60 gamma-rays and N-nitrosodiethanolamine [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of cobalt

• All patients underwent clinical and audiologic evaluations varying from 6 to 48 months (mean, 20 months) after stereotactic radiosurgery performed with use of the 201 source cobalt 60 gamma unit [36].
• A total of 72 animals were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (18/group) as follows: (1) 10 G; (2) sham exposed (null energized field) (approximately 20 mG); (3) ambient controls (<1 mG); and (4) positive controls (5 Gy whole body irradiation from Cobalt-60, 4 days before initiation of exposure) [37].
• This machine contains a high intensity cobalt 60 remote afterloading cycling source used for intracavitary brachytherapy [38].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three female patients who had developed urge-incontinence after a Wertheim operation and combined brachy-teletherapy with cobalt-60 and afterloading and did not respond to various drug therapies, were treated with HBO to a maximum of 40 applications [39].
• Even in patients who received doses of radiation up to 66 Cobalt Gy equivalent through nondiseased (temporal lobe) brain tissue, memory and cognitive functioning remained stable for up to 5 years after treatment [40].

References