Disease relevance of Placenta, Retained

• The highest alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentrations were detected in cows with retained placenta and/or dystocia [1].
• Uterine disease (retained placenta or metritis), parity, and pretreatment plasma glucose, serum beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and urine acetoacetate concentrations were evaluated as possible confounding factors affecting recovery [2].
• The aim of this study was to investigate the PG-metabolite profiles in cows with retained placenta and post-partal endometritis treated with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor flunixin (F), either alone or in combination with oxytetracycline (T) [3].
• The indications of nitroglycerin have been extended to intrapartum external version of the second twin, retained placenta, and uterine inversion [4].
• Decreased concentration of serum apolipoprotein C-III in cows with fatty liver, ketosis, left displacement of the abomasum, milk fever and retained placenta [5].

High impact information on Placenta, Retained

• Intravenous nitroglycerin aids manual extraction of a retained placenta [6].
• The incidence and duration of retained placenta were reduced by 22 vs. 75% and 14 vs. 34 h for relaxin combined with cloprostenol or dexamethasone as compared with cloprostenol- or dexamethasone-treated controls, respectively (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[7]
• There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to incidence of retained placenta (2.4% vs 1.6%; OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.72 to 3.08), or third-stage duration (7.7 minutes vs 8.1 minutes; P =.23) [8].
• One mare with a retained placenta maintained the prepartal levels of progesterone into the postpartum period [9].
• Between 1 and 7 d postpartum, retained placenta, metritis, and increasing serum concentrations of BHBA and NEFA were associated with increased risk of subsequent LDA [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Placenta, Retained

• Effects of selenium and vitamin E on incidence of retained placenta [11].
• In this study, 90% of animals treated with fenprostalene calved within a 20-h period, but with a high incidence of retained placenta [12].
• The incidence of retained placentas in heifers treated only with dexamethasone (27.3%) was not reduced by concomitant treatment with pRelaxin (35.3%) [13].
• Prostaglandin E(2) 9-keto reductase activity in bovine retained and not retained placenta [14].
• Effects of fenprostalene and estradiol-17 beta benzoate on parturition and retained placenta in dairy cows and heifers [12].

Biological context of Placenta, Retained

• Intravenous nitroglycerin for uterine relaxation in the postpartum patient with retained placenta [15].
• CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Parenteral administration of a single injection of vitamin E before parturition may decrease the incidence of retained placenta and metritis in dairy cows but will increase serum concentrations for 7 to 14 days after administration [16].
• Maximum progesterone production during the first luteal phase was higher in control cows than in cows with purulent discharge or retained placenta (4.66 ng/ml compared with 3.23 and 3.34 ng/ml, respectively) [17].
• The cows treated with clenbuterol tended to show lower incidences of dystocia and retained placenta and a higher first insemination conception rate than the control animals [18].

Anatomical context of Placenta, Retained

• The Release Trial: a randomised controlled trial of umbilical vein oxytocin versus placebo for the treatment of retained placenta [19].
• The majority of deaths, (65%) had occurred within 24 hours of admission and in 47.5% of cases there was severe anaemia on admission; 17.5% had died due to an atonic PPH, which was the largest category, followed by ruptured uterus (15%), abruptio placenta (15%) and retained placenta (12.5%) [20].

Gene context of Placenta, Retained

• Analysis revealed that MHC class I compatibility between dam and calf increased the risk of retained placenta [21].
• Oxytocin was administered to reduce incidence of retained placenta and uterine infections that could delay subsequent conception [22].
• Thus, short-term elevation of estradiol-17 beta to normal prepartum concentrations did not regress the corpus luteum, induce parturition, or reduce incidence of retained placenta [12].
• The increase of CRP-values on the second day was 12% in the retained placenta group and 7% in the control group [23].
• Low levels of IL-6 and P(4) in peripheral blood prepartum tended to affect retained placenta and a high level of IL-6 prepartum tended to affect endometritis [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Placenta, Retained

• Nitroglycerin (TNG) has recently gained popularity in obstetric anesthesia for facilitating acute uterine relaxation in the treatment of obstetric emergencies such as retained placenta [25].
• Intravenous nitroglycerin at a dose of 200 microg or less is safe, effective and predictable in the management of retained placenta and could obviate the need of general anesthesia [26].
• The incidences of postpartum haemorrhage and retained placenta have decreased with the use of synthetic oxytocin and controlled cord traction [27].

References