Disease relevance of Prostaglandin

• An infusion of prostaglandin E1 is widely used to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus in neonates with congenital heart disease [1].
• The cumulative dose of prostaglandin E1 was higher in the neonates with antral hyperplasia (2982 +/- 1392 micrograms per kilogram of body weight) than in the normal neonates (279 +/- 270 micrograms per kilogram, P less than 0.001) or the neonates with signs of gastric obstruction (528 +/- 306 micrograms per kilogram, P less than 0.01) [1].
• Neonates who receive prostaglandin E1 at recommended doses for more than 120 hours should be closely monitored for evidence of antral hyperplasia [1].
• Beneficial effects of prostaglandin E1 in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis [2].
• After gastric-outlet obstruction was recognized in several infants who received prostaglandin E1, we studied the association between the drug and this complication [1].

Psychiatry related information on Prostaglandin

• Current treatments of erectile dysfunction elevate either cGMP levels by blocking cGMP degrading phosphodiesterase 5 or cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels by intrapenile injection of prostaglandin E1 [3].
• Prostaglandin E receptor EP1 controls impulsive behavior under stress [4].
• Prostaglandin (PG) E1 infusion often prevented the bowel necrosis, which suggested beneficial effects of vasodilating PGs, probably released as a defense mechanisms [5].
• Dietary modification to affect prostaglandin production has also been promising in certain experimental models [6].
• The patients with major depressive disorder had higher salivary prostaglandin concentrations than the control subjects, but the patients with minor depressive disorder did not [7].

High impact information on Prostaglandin

• Cardiac endothelial cells, like vascular endothelial cells, also express and release a variety of auto- and paracrine agents, such as nitric oxide, endothelin, prostaglandin I(2), and angiotensin II, which directly influence cardiac metabolism, growth, contractile performance, and rhythmicity of the adult heart [8].
• Prostanoids are the cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid and include prostaglandin (PG) D(2), PGE(2), PGF(2alpha), PGI(2), and thromboxne A(2) [9].
• In primates, uterine prostaglandin production may reflect a vestigial mechanism that has been retained during evolution from an earlier dependence on uterine prostaglandin production for luteolysis [10].
• Moreover, DNA microarray analysis revealed selective upregulation in levels of transcripts encoded by genes associated with learning and memory, vasculogenesis, neurogenesis, cell survival pathways, Abeta sequestration, and prostaglandin synthesis [11].
• The receptor mediating light damage, however, has not yet been conclusively identified; candidate molecules include prostaglandin synthase, cytochrome oxidase, rhodopsin, and opsins of the cones and the retinal pigment epithelium (PE) [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Prostaglandin

• Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis mediated by thrombin and B2 bradykinin receptors in a fibrosarcoma cell line [13].
• We conclude that both vasoconstrictor (renin-angiotensin) and vasodilator (prostaglandin) mechanisms are operative in patients with heart failure complicated by hyponatremia and that these mechanisms interact to modulate circulatory homeostasis [14].
• Hydrocortisone inhibits prostaglandin production by mouse fibrosarcoma cells [15].
• This article discusses renal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with emphasis on the role of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, and reviews evidence supporting a renal-sparing property of sulindac [16].
• Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, given from the time of tumor implantation prevented completely the hypercalcemia and largely inhibited the rise in ceruloplasmin [17].

Biological context of Prostaglandin

• BACKGROUND: Mifepristone and a prostaglandin have been used successfully to terminate pregnancy in Europe and China. We report the results of a large U.S. study of mifepristone and misoprostol in women with pregnancies of up to nine weeks' duration [18].
• Thus, platelets obtained from diabetic patients possess increased activity of the prostaglandin synthetase system, and this characteristic may be related to the increased platelet aggregation associated with the disease [19].
• Increased cAMP levels promoted by PDGF acting through stimulation of E-type prostaglandin synthesis may contribute to signal the initiation of cell proliferation in 3T3 cells [20].
• Epidermal growth factor (10(-9)M), prostaglandin (8.5 X 10(-7)M), F2 alpha, and insulin (10(-9)M), each of which only leads to a partial phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6, generate the same first eight phosphopeptides induced by 10% serum, suggesting all three activate a common regulatory pathway for the phosphorylation of S6 [21].
• Role of prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation in inflammation [22].

Anatomical context of Prostaglandin

• The percentage positive cells increased to 50.3 +/- 5.7 when lymphocytes were incubated with 10(-6) M prostaglandin E1 (P less than 0.01 vs. untreated lymphocytes); 10(-8) M and 10(-10) M were as effective [23].
• Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis constricts the ductus arteriosus in fetal lambs in utero [24].
• We conclude that in our animal mode, dietary cod-liver oil retarded the development of coronary artery disease, possibly through changes in prostaglandin metabolism [25].
• Hematopoietic prostaglandin (PG) D synthase is the key enzyme for production of the D and J series of prostanoids in the immune system and mast cells [26].
• Prostaglandin-producing suppressor cells in Hodgkin's disease [27].

Associations of Prostaglandin with other chemical compounds

• In the present study, a single oral or rectal dose of a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin, was administered to six consecutive premature infants with the syndrome who would otherwise have undergone surgical ligation of the patent ductus [28].
• However, the formation of prostacyclin by vascular endothelium also requires prostaglandin G/H synthase, and prostacyclin exerts opposite effects on platelet function and vascular tone [29].
• Platelet-derived growth factor elicits cyclic AMP accumulation in Swiss 3T3 cells: role of prostaglandin production [20].
• To study the effects of the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol on renal function and graft rejection after transplantation, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 77 renal-allograft recipients [30].
• Chlorothiazide, a diuretic that does not stimulate prostaglandin E synthesis, was used as the control drug in 33 other infants [31].

Gene context of Prostaglandin

• The prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase isoform 2, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), is induced at high levels in migratory and other responding cells by pro-inflammatory stimuli [32].
• Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) are key enzymes in prostaglandin biosynthesis and the target enzymes for the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [33].
• However, NSAIDs produce gastroduodenal ulcers in about 25% of users (often with bleeding and/or perforations) and delay ulcer healing, presumably by blocking prostaglandin synthesis from cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 (ref. 10) [34].
• Acceleration of intestinal polyposis through prostaglandin receptor EP2 in Apc(Delta 716) knockout mice [35].
• Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Prostaglandin

• Labor induced with a prostaglandin confers the highest risk [37].
• Biological activities of prostaglandin analogues and metabolites on bone in organ culture [38].
• The precursor fatty acids and their prostaglandin derivatives inhibit proliferation of the cell cultures [39].
• This provided a unique opportunity to study renal prostaglandin production in hypoperfused and control tissue by radioimmunoassays of incubated tissue slices [40].
• Prostacyclin-IP signaling and prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4 signaling both mediate joint inflammation in mouse collagen-induced arthritis [41].

References