Disease relevance of Hagfishes

• Hepatomas and other neoplasms in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa): a histopathologic and chemical study [1].

High impact information on Hagfishes

• Mucus is obtained in nonhydrated form by electrically stimulating the anesthetized hagfish and the secretions are stirred into ammonium sulfate [2].
• Lactate dehydrogenases of Atlantic hagfish: physiological and evolutionary implications of a primitive heart isozyme [3].
• Isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase from heart and muscle of Atlantic hagfish show less functional divergence than those from other fishes and higher vertebrates [3].
• The enzyme from hagfish heart (B4) displays a higher Michaelis constant for pyruvate and lower substrate inhibition at moderate pyruvate concentrations than heart isozymes from other species [3].
• We discuss the relationships of the isolated gene for hagfish complement with the mammalian genes for complements C3, C4 and C5 [4].

Biological context of Hagfishes

• Sequencing of genomes from a cephalochordate, such as amphioxus, and from hagfish and lamprey will establish early events in the evolution of steroid hormone signaling, and also allow genetic studies to elucidate how vertebrate complexity depends on steroid hormones [5].
• Messenger RNA sequence and primary structure of preproinsulin in a primitive vertebrate, the Atlantic hagfish [6].
• Amino acid sequence alignments of human, bovine, rat, mouse, chicken, and hagfish prothrombin suggest that the thrombin B-chain and the propeptide-Gla domain are the regions most constrained for the common function(s) of vertebrate prothrombins [7].
• Natriuretic peptide binding sites in the brain of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa [8].
• The immunoreactive band intensity for the Atlantic hagfish was similar to that of the little skate, but less than half that of the full-strength seawater mummichog [9].

Anatomical context of Hagfishes

• Insulin from the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, a primitive vertebrate, was studied with respect to degradation, receptor binding, and stimulation of glucose transport and metabolism in isolated rat adipocytes [10].
• Serotonin was found in both; in hagfish, the amine concentration was highest in preparations of muscularis externa containing the myenteric plexus [11].
• Plasma cells in adult Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa [12].
• The intramembrane organization of the occluding junctions in the gill epithelium of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, was studied by means of freeze-fracture electron microscopy [13].
• These results suggest that most, if not all, tyrosine residues of the hagfish thyroid glycoprotein with a less rigid structure are susceptible to an iodinating system, but hormone residues are formed by a much less efficient mechanism than those in thyroglobulin, when poorly iodinated [14].

Associations of Hagfishes with chemical compounds

• These properties support the hypothesis that the ancestral vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase was a muscle (A4)-type enzyme and also suggest a role for the B4 enzyme in the unusual physiology of hagfish cardiac tissue which functions under sustained hypoxic conditions [3].
• This discrepancy was not due to the methionine residue (B31) at the COOH-terminal end of the B chain of hagfish insulin, since removal of this residue caused no marked change in the binding affinity or the potency [10].
• Both have homologs in other mammalian species and belong to a gene family (CNT) that also includes hfCNT, a newly identified broad specificity pyrimidine and purine Na(+)-nucleoside symporter (system cib) from the ancient marine vertebrate, the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) [15].
• Protein tyrosine phosphatases from amphioxus, hagfish, and ray: divergence of tissue-specific isoform genes in the early evolution of vertebrates [16].
• Estrone, 17 beta-estradiol, or 17 alpha-estradiol was formed by central neural tissues of all species, with the exception of the opossum, hagfish, and lobster [17].

Gene context of Hagfishes

• Uniquely, the loop 1 (L1) regions between hydrophobic domain 1 and hydrophobic domain 2 of the hagfish putative GRIA2 and all the teleost GRIA1 subunits were much longer than those of the remaining known ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits [18].
• TH-like immunoreactivity was observed within cells in hagfish hearts [19].
• Assay of hagfish liver demonstrated vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity in this hemichordate [20].
• The PGI of hagfish encodes 554 amino acids, in contrast to the PGIs of bonyfishes, toad, and snake which encode 553 amino acids and the PGIs of mammals which encode 558 amino acids [21].
• This Na+-nucleoside symporter, designated hfCNT, is the first transport protein to be characterized in detail in hagfish and is a 683-amino acid residue protein with 13 predicted transmembrane helical segments (TMs). hfCNT was 52, 50, and 57% identical in sequence to hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3, respectively [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hagfishes

• These models for the hagfish protease inhibitor were expanded to models for the twice as large human alpha 2-macroglobulin using symmetry operations, and the resulting alpha 2-macroglobulin models were found to agree with those emerged from earlier studies involving electron microscopy and X-ray scattering methods [23].
• The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like immunoreactivity in the brain of a myxinoid, the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti), was investigated via immunohistochemistry, including the use of six different antisera [24].
• The anterior pituitary of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy [25].
• Plasma levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in intact Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) undergoing the period of natural fasting and in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) maintained unfed in the laboratory [26].
• Molecular cloning and structural characterization of the hagfish proteinase inhibitor of the alpha-2-macroglobulin family [27].

References