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Gene Review

ERVK-6  -  endogenous retrovirus group K, member 6

Homo sapiens

Synonyms: ERVK6, HERV-K(C7), HERV-K(HML-2.HOM), HERV-K108, K-Rev, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of ERVK6

 

Psychiatry related information on ERVK6

 

High impact information on ERVK6

 

Chemical compound and disease context of ERVK6

 

Biological context of ERVK6

  • Recently, we reported an almost intact human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K(HML-2.HOM); HGMW-approved symbol ERVK6) located on human chromosome 7, with open reading frames for all retroviral genes and a mutation only within the reverse transcriptase [1].
  • Thus, cORF of human endogenous retroviruses may contribute to tumor development by interfering with processes during spermatogenesis that involve PLZF [20].
  • A doubly spliced transcript encodes a short open reading frame, preliminarily designated cORF (R. Löwer, K. Boller, B. Hasenmeier, C. Korbmacher, N. Mueller-Lantzsch, J. Löwer, and R. Kurth, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4480-4484) [5].
  • Accordingly, we have given the element the designation RcRE. cORF and RcRE stabilize unspliced and incompletely spliced viral transcripts and enhance their nuclear export via the CRM1 export pathway [21].
  • In transfection experiments, HERV-K(C7) and HERV-K cDNA-based expression vectors yielded the proteins Gag and cORF whereas HERV-K10 vectors yielded Gag alone [22].
 

Anatomical context of ERVK6

 

Associations of ERVK6 with chemical compounds

  • Cells were fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in ethanol with progressive lowering of temperature and embedded in Lowicryl K4M or HM20 at -35 degrees C. Permeabilization or pre-treatment of sections with proteinase K was not essential [26].
  • Extensively purified preparations of prions were denatured by boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and the major protein component (PrP 27-30) was isolated by preparative HPLC size exclusion chromatography after proteinase K digestion [27].
  • Human tryptase, a mast-cell-specific serine proteinase that may be involved in causing asthma and other allergic and inflammatory disorders, is unique in two respects: it is enzymatically active only as a heparin-stabilized tetramer, and it is resistant to all known endogenous proteinase inhibitors [28].
  • The cysteine proteinase produced by group A streptococci was isolated and found to be inhibited by Z-LVG-CHN2; moreover, excess proteinase relieved the growth inhibition caused by the peptide derivative, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of Z-LVG-CHN2 is due to inhibition of this cysteine proteinase [29].
  • Thus, tryptase inhibitors and antagonists of proteinase-activated receptor 2 may be useful anti-inflammatory agents [19].
 

Physical interactions of ERVK6

  • In contrast, the lipopeptide remaining after proteinase K digestion both formed a complex with CD14 and retained stimulatory properties [30].
  • The proteinase-binding specificity of PZP is far more restricted than that of alpha 2M [31].
  • Here we have investigated the reactive site of TIMP-1 by its proteinase susceptibility before and after forming a complex with MMP-3 (stromelysin 1) [32].
  • Alpha 2M interacts and captures virtually any proteinase whether self or foreign, suggesting a function as a unique "panproteinase inhibitor." Activation of alpha 2M generates novel binding sites, which mediate complex formation with cytokines and other peptides [33].
  • The dissociation equilibrium constant for heparin binding to antithrombin III (ATIII) is a measure of the cofactor's binding to and activation of the proteinase inhibitor, and its salt dependence indicates that ionic and non-ionic interactions contribute approximately 40 and approximately 60% of the binding free energy, respectively [34].
 

Enzymatic interactions of ERVK6

  • The large membrane-bound precursor protein (APP) of beta-AP is normally cleaved within the beta-AP region by a putative proteinase (APP secretase) to release its extracellular portion; beta-AP is produced by an alternative proteolytic processing [35].
  • Furin directly cleaves proMMP-2 in the trans-Golgi network resulting in a nonfunctioning proteinase [36].
  • This IGF-regulated loss of IGFBP-4 was inhibited by metalloproteinase inhibitors and appeared to be due to a proteinase that cleaved IGFBP-4 in 18 and 14 kD fragments identified by western immunoblotting [37].
  • The N-terminal cleavage of PrP in GSS disease occurs at a tryptophan-glycine peptide bond identical to that cleaved by proteinase K in vitro to generate PrP 27-30 from hamster PrPSc at codon 90 [38].
  • The VWF-cleaving proteinase activity of the truncated enzyme was comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme but its secretion from transfected COS-7 cells was about 14% of the wild type [39].
 

Co-localisations of ERVK6

  • By means of zymography, we demonstrated, for the first time, that RNase activity persists after dissociation of the proteasome on the gel and that it co-localizes to the same range of molecular weight subunits as the proteinase activity [40].
 

Regulatory relationships of ERVK6

  • In addition, the 14-kDa cORF protein was expressed due to splicing of the full-length env mRNA [41].
  • Proteinase-activated receptors 1 and 4 counter-regulate endostatin and VEGF release from human platelets [42].
  • We have characterized the TNF-induced shedding of TNF receptors in neutrophils and determined the nature of the involved proteinase [43].
  • We have prepared the proform of the catalytic domain of the MT1-MMP and demonstrated that this may be activated in vitro by trypsin proteolysis to yield a functional proteinase capable of cleaving typical metalloproteinase peptide substrates, gelatin and casein [44].
  • When full-length Asp1(D110N) was expressed in COS-7 cells, it was not processed, suggesting that no other proteinase can activate Asp1 in these cells [45].
 

Other interactions of ERVK6

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ERVK6

  • Immunoprecipitation analysis of pseudotyped virions reveals that the mutant MA blocks this HIV-1 PR-mediated cleavage of MuLV TM [47].
  • HIV-1 primary isolates and three different sets of recombinant viruses [i.e. recombinant clones carrying protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT) or the 3' end of Gag, PR and RT (3'Gag/PR/RT), sequences amplified by PCR from the same primary isolates)] were evaluated [48].
  • METHODS: We analyzed HERV-K(HML-2) expression on the mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR analysis and immunofluorescence labeling of the HERV-K(HML-2) Rec (formerly cORF) protein [49].
  • Proteinase-activated receptors: transducers of proteinase-mediated signaling in inflammation and immune response [50].
  • After digestion of urines with proteinase K, three more HPLC peaks appeared, which all corresponded to SA-Lys adducts [51].

References

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  21. cORF and RcRE, the Rev/Rex and RRE/RxRE homologues of the human endogenous retrovirus family HTDV/HERV-K. Magin, C., Löwer, R., Löwer, J. J. Virol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  22. Genome-wide screening, cloning, chromosomal assignment, and expression of full-length human endogenous retrovirus type K. Tönjes, R.R., Czauderna, F., Kurth, R. J. Virol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  23. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from horses with equine infectious anemia virus recognize Env and Gag/PR proteins. McGuire, T.C., Tumas, D.B., Byrne, K.M., Hines, M.T., Leib, S.R., Brassfield, A.L., O'Rourke, K.I., Perryman, L.E. J. Virol. (1994) [Pubmed]
  24. Macrophage fibrinolytic activity: identification of two pathways of plasmin formation by intact cells and of a plasminogen activator inhibitor. Chapman, H.A., Vavrin, Z., Hibbs, J.B. Cell (1982) [Pubmed]
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  28. Human beta-tryptase is a ring-like tetramer with active sites facing a central pore. Pereira, P.J., Bergner, A., Macedo-Ribeiro, S., Huber, R., Matschiner, G., Fritz, H., Sommerhoff, C.P., Bode, W. Nature (1998) [Pubmed]
  29. Bacterial growth blocked by a synthetic peptide based on the structure of a human proteinase inhibitor. Björck, L., Akesson, P., Bohus, M., Trojnar, J., Abrahamson, M., Olafsson, I., Grubb, A. Nature (1989) [Pubmed]
  30. The role of CD14 in signaling mediated by outer membrane lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. Wooten, R.M., Morrison, T.B., Weis, J.H., Wright, S.D., Thieringer, R., Weis, J.J. J. Immunol. (1998) [Pubmed]
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  37. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 by a specific insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 proteinase in normal human osteoblast-like cells: implications in bone cell physiology. Durham, S.K., Kiefer, M.C., Riggs, B.L., Conover, C.A. J. Bone Miner. Res. (1994) [Pubmed]
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  45. Prodomain processing of Asp1 (BACE2) is autocatalytic. Hussain, I., Christie, G., Schneider, K., Moore, S., Dingwall, C. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) [Pubmed]
  46. Polymerase chain reaction selects a novel disintegrin proteinase from CD40-activated germinal center dendritic cells. Mueller, C.G., Rissoan, M.C., Salinas, B., Ait-Yahia, S., Ravel, O., Bridon, J.M., Briere, F., Lebecque, S., Liu, Y.J. J. Exp. Med. (1997) [Pubmed]
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