The world's first wiki where authorship really matters (Nature Genetics, 2008). Due credit and reputation for authors. Imagine a global collaborative knowledge base for original thoughts. Search thousands of articles and collaborate with scientists around the globe.

wikigene or wiki gene protein drug chemical gene disease author authorship tracking collaborative publishing evolutionary knowledge reputation system wiki2.0 global collaboration genes proteins drugs chemicals diseases compound
Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 

Links

 

Gene Review

TG  -  thyroglobulin

Homo sapiens

Synonyms: AITD3, TGN, Tg, Thyroglobulin
 
 
Welcome! If you are familiar with the subject of this article, you can contribute to this open access knowledge base by deleting incorrect information, restructuring or completely rewriting any text. Read more.
 

Disease relevance of TG

 

Psychiatry related information on TG

 

High impact information on TG

 

Chemical compound and disease context of TG

 

Biological context of TG

  • These results show that Ttf1 haploinsufficiency causes a reduction in the expression of TSHr and thyroglobulin, genes with TTF1 binding sites in their promoter regions [18].
  • Regulation of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin gene expression by thyrotropin in cultured human thyroid cells [19].
  • TSH-R expression levels were variable, but displayed a close correlation to the expression of thyroid peroxidase (r = 0.703; P < 0.05), thyroglobulin (r = 0.817; P < 0.01), and the nuclear oncogene c-fos (r = 0.935; P < 0.001), but not c-myc [20].
  • Genetic linkage analysis of the loci for TPO and Tg autoantibodies with 28 polymorphic serological markers (including HLA and Gm allotypes) was carried out in 9 families [21].
  • Further studies using a comprehensive panel of gene probes to analyze DNA from families with autoimmune thyroid disease should permit the localization of the gene cluster responsible for regulating the ability to produce autoantibodies to TPO and Tg in man [21].
 

Anatomical context of TG

  • RESULTS: TG and TPO were identified in 13 patients (54.2%) with thyroid carcinoma, which includes five of eight patients with no clinical evidence of disease at the time of blood collection [22].
  • We investigated the secretion and cell surface expression of PDI and other chaperones in the FRTL5 thyroid cell line, and then studied the characteristics of the interaction between TG and PDI [23].
  • After maturation and hormone formation, TG is endocytosed and delivered to lysosomes [23].
  • The notion that PDI acts as an "escort" for immature TG in acidic post-endoplasmic reticulum compartments is discussed [23].
  • However, as results of TPO-RT-PCR correlate significantly with lymph node status, grading and serum TG measurements in patients with non-metastatic disease, TPO seems to be an interesting molecular marker to look at in follow-up studies [24].
 

Associations of TG with chemical compounds

  • The process of thyroid hormone synthesis, which occurs in the lumen of the thyroid follicles, results from an oxidative reaction leading, as side effects, to the multimerization of thyroglobulin (TG), the prothyroid hormone [25].
  • TG activity is not duplicated by thyroid hormones or iodide [26].
  • METHODS: Fifty-two HIV-infected children receiving HAART were assessed for signs of thyroid dysfunction and serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxin (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroglobulin (TG), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), anti-TG and antimicrosomal (anti-TSM) antibodies [27].
  • The coupling reaction was carried out by incubating newly iodinated thyroglobulin with TPO, diiodotyrosine, a coupling stimulator, and a H2O2-generating system (glucose and glucose oxidase) for 20 min at 37 C. After thyroglobulin was digested with Pronase, the thyroid hormone content of the thyroid digest was measured by RIA [13].
  • 0. Coupling activity in the presence of H2O2 and TPO was 43 +/- 5.0 ng T3/mg thyroglobulin (mean +/- SD of triplicate samples), and addition of diiodotyrosine to the H2O2-TPO system caused a nearly 3-fold increase in coupling activity [13].
 

Physical interactions of TG

 

Enzymatic interactions of TG

  • We have previously demonstrated that thyroid peroxidase (TPO) not only catalyzes the iodination of thyroglobulin and other proteins, but that it also catalyzes the intramolecular conversion of DIT residues to T4 (coupling reaction) [32].
  • Based on these results, it is proposed that PDI catalyzes the oligomerization of Tg through the disulfide linkage and its deoligomerization in the molecular fate, and this process may require a specific molecular form of Tg, optimally unfolded/reduced, in a proper redox state [33].
  • Kinetics of the iodination and the coupling reaction in thyroglobulin catalyzed by lactoperoxidase and chloramine T [34].
 

Regulatory relationships of TG

 

Other interactions of TG

  • This sample was also positive for TG and TPO [22].
  • There was 100% concordance between TSHR and Tg mRNA RT-PCR results [40].
  • Moreover, the addition of both type I IFNs clearly reduced the TSH-stimulated protein expression of Tg, TPO, and NIS after 72 h of exposure [41].
  • Pax8 increased the specific transcriptional activity of the Tg promoter about threefold, whereas cotransfection with the homeodomain-containing protein TTF-1 stimulated promoter activity from six- to tenfold [37].
  • After 1 min of incubation in a system containing goiter thyroglobulin, I-, and H2O2, the pH optimum of MPO-catalyzed iodination was markedly acidic (approximately 4.0), compared to LPO (approximately 5.4) and TPO (approximately 6.6) [15].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TG

  • RT-PCR positivity for TG and TPO mRNA was higher in patients with carcinoma than in patients with benign lesions (P = .002) [22].
  • An evaluation of the relative concentrations of TG and TPO in different subcellular compartments was carried out in stimulated human follicular cells using thin-frozen sections and the immunogold technique [28].
  • In the study and control groups respectively, 13 and two patients demonstrated positive titres of TG, TPO or both thyroid antibodies (Fisher's exact test: P = 0.002) [42].
  • As described for isolating serum TgPOAb, we panned the phage display library by alternating from Tg- to TPO-coated ELISA wells [43].
  • Thyrotropin receptor/thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in peripheral blood and fine-needle aspiration cytology: diagnostic synergy for detecting thyroid cancer [40].

References

  1. Extrapancreatic autoimmune manifestations in type 1 diabetes patients and their first-degree relatives: a multicenter study. Hanukoglu, A., Mizrachi, A., Dalal, I., Admoni, O., Rakover, Y., Bistritzer, Z., Levine, A., Somekh, E., Lehmann, D., Tuval, M., Boaz, M., Golander, A. Diabetes Care (2003) [Pubmed]
  2. Further indications for genetic heterogeneity of euthyroid familial goiter. Neumann, S., Bayer, Y., Reske, A., Tajtáková, M., Langer, P., Paschke, R. J. Mol. Med. (2003) [Pubmed]
  3. Comparison of thyroid peroxidase expression with cellular proliferation in thyroid follicular tumors. Garcia, S., Vassko, V., Henry, J.F., De Micco, C. Thyroid (1998) [Pubmed]
  4. Enhanced thyroid iodine metabolism in patients with triiodothyronine-predominant Graves' disease. Takamatsu, J., Hosoya, T., Naito, N., Yoshimura, H., Kohno, Y., Tarutani, O., Kuma, K., Sakane, S., Takeda, K., Mozai, T. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1988) [Pubmed]
  5. Thyroglobulin monoclonal antibody cross-reacting with thyroperoxidase induces in syngeneic mice anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies with dual autoantigen binding properties. The intertope hypothesis. Duthoit, C., Estienne, V., Durand-Gorde, J.M., Carayon, P., Ruf, J. Eur. J. Immunol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  6. Comparison of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Ladenson, P.W., Braverman, L.E., Mazzaferri, E.L., Brucker-Davis, F., Cooper, D.S., Garber, J.R., Wondisford, F.E., Davies, T.F., DeGroot, L.J., Daniels, G.H., Ross, D.S., Weintraub, B.D. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) [Pubmed]
  7. The auditory threshold in a school-age population is related to iodine intake and thyroid function. Soriguer, F., Millón, M.C., Muñoz, R., Mancha, I., López Siguero, J.P., Martinez Aedo, M.J., Gómez-Huelga, R., Garriga, M.J., Rojo-Martinez, G., Esteva, I., Tinahones, F.J. Thyroid (2000) [Pubmed]
  8. HLA-DR and HLA-DQ polymorphism in human thyroglobulin-induced autoimmune thyroiditis: DR3 and DQ8 transgenic mice are susceptible. Wan, Q., Shah, R., Panos, J.C., Giraldo, A.A., David, C.S., Kong, Y.M. Hum. Immunol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  9. Determinants of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasonography in healthy adults in a non-iodine deficient area. Berghout, A., Wiersinga, W.M., Smits, N.J., Touber, J.L. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) (1987) [Pubmed]
  10. Peroxidase-catalyzed halogenation. Morrison, M., Schonbaum, G.R. Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1976) [Pubmed]
  11. Induction of circulating activated suppressor-like T cells by methimazole therapy for Graves' disease. Tötterman, T.H., Karlsson, F.A., Bengtsson, M., Mendel-Hartvig, I. N. Engl. J. Med. (1987) [Pubmed]
  12. Serum thyroglobulin before and after palpation of the thyroid. Buergi, U., Gebel, F., Maier, E., Koening, M.P., Studer, H. N. Engl. J. Med. (1983) [Pubmed]
  13. Coupling of iodotyrosine catalyzed by human thyroid peroxidase in vitro. Sugawara, M. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1985) [Pubmed]
  14. Thyroid iodine organification defects: a case with lack of thyroglobulin iodination and a case without any peroxidase activity. Pommier, J., Tourniaire, J., Rahmoun, B., Déme, D., Pallo, D., Bornet, H., Nunez, J. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1976) [Pubmed]
  15. Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and coupling. Taurog, A., Dorris, M.L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1992) [Pubmed]
  16. Thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, cAMP and DNA in human thyroid. Valenta, L.J. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1976) [Pubmed]
  17. Thyroid function in children with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Chiarelli, F., Galli, L., Verrotti, A., di Ricco, L., Vierucci, A., de Martino, M. Thyroid (2000) [Pubmed]
  18. Hypothyroidism in thyroid transcription factor 1 haploinsufficiency is caused by reduced expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Moeller, L.C., Kimura, S., Kusakabe, T., Liao, X.H., Van Sande, J., Refetoff, S. Mol. Endocrinol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  19. Regulation of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin gene expression by thyrotropin in cultured human thyroid cells. Nagayama, Y., Yamashita, S., Hirayu, H., Izumi, M., Uga, T., Ishikawa, N., Ito, K., Nagataki, S. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1989) [Pubmed]
  20. Expression levels of the thyrotropin receptor gene in autoimmune thyroid disease: coregulation with parameters of thyroid function and inverse relation to major histocompatibility complex classes I and II. Schuppert, F., Reiser, M., Scheumann, G.F., Heldin, N.E., Pring-Akerblom, P., Ede, S., Haverkamp, G., Dralle, H., Von zur Mühlen, A. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1993) [Pubmed]
  21. Autosomal dominant transmission of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. Phillips, D., McLachlan, S., Stephenson, A., Roberts, D., Moffitt, S., McDonald, D., Ad'Hiah, A., Stratton, A., Young, E., Clark, F. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1990) [Pubmed]
  22. Detection of thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, and RET/PTC1 mRNA transcripts in the peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease. Tallini, G., Ghossein, R.A., Emanuel, J., Gill, J., Kinder, B., Dimich, A.B., Costa, J., Robbins, R., Burrow, G.N., Rosai, J. J. Clin. Oncol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  23. Protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) in FRTL5 cells. pH-dependent thyroglobulin/PDI interactions determine a novel PDI function in the post-endoplasmic reticulum of thyrocytes. Mezghrani, A., Courageot, J., Mani, J.C., Pugniere, M., Bastiani, P., Miquelis, R. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) [Pubmed]
  24. Detection of thyroid peroxidase mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with malignant and benign thyroid diseases. Roddiger, S.J., Bojunga, J., Klee, V., Stanisch, M., Renneberg, H., Lindhorst, E., Usadel, K.H., Kusterer, K., Schumm-Draeger, P.M., Kurek, R. J. Mol. Endocrinol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  25. Role of extracellular molecular chaperones in the folding of oxidized proteins. Refolding of colloidal thyroglobulin by protein disulfide isomerase and immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein. Delom, F., Mallet, B., Carayon, P., Lejeune, P.J. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) [Pubmed]
  26. Thyroglobulin regulates follicular function and heterogeneity by suppressing thyroid-specific gene expression. Suzuki, K., Mori, A., Lavaroni, S., Ulianich, L., Miyagi, E., Saito, J., Nakazato, M., Pietrarelli, M., Shafran, N., Grassadonia, A., Kim, W.B., Consiglio, E., Formisano, S., Kohn, L.D. Biochimie (1999) [Pubmed]
  27. Thyroid dysfunction in antiretroviral treated children. Viganò, A., Riboni, S., Bianchi, R., Cafarelli, L., Vago, T., Manzoni, P., Di Natale, B. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (2004) [Pubmed]
  28. Different concentrations of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin in the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cytoplasm. Zimmer, K.P., Hengst, K., Carayon, P., Brämswig, J., Harms, E. Eur. J. Cell Biol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  29. Circulating thyroglobulin transcytosed by thyroid cells in complexed with secretory components of its endocytic receptor megalin. Marinò, M., Chiovato, L., Mitsiades, N., Latrofa, F., Andrews, D., Tseleni-Balafouta, S., Collins, A.B., Pinchera, A., McCluskey, R.T. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2000) [Pubmed]
  30. Dimerization of ERp29, a PDI-like Protein, Is Essential for Its Diverse Functions. Rainey-Barger, E.K., Mkrtchian, S., Tsai, B. Mol. Biol. Cell (2007) [Pubmed]
  31. Ha-ras interference with thyroid cell differentiation is associated with a down-regulation of thyroid transcription factor-1 phosphorylation. Velasco, J.A., Acebrón, A., Zannini, M., Martín-Pérez, J., Di Lauro, R., Santisteban, P. Endocrinology (1998) [Pubmed]
  32. The importance of thyroglobulin structure in thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed conversion of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine. Lamas, L., Taurog, A. Endocrinology (1977) [Pubmed]
  33. Role of protein disulfide isomerase in molecular fate of thyroglobulin and its regulation by endogenous oxidants and reductants. Liu, X.W., Sok, D.E. Arch. Pharm. Res. (2002) [Pubmed]
  34. Kinetics of the iodination and the coupling reaction in thyroglobulin catalyzed by lactoperoxidase and chloramine T. Lamas, L. Eur. J. Biochem. (1979) [Pubmed]
  35. Human monoclonal autoantibodies against the immunodominant region on thyroid peroxidase: lack of cross-reactivity with related peroxidases or thyroglobulin and inability to inhibit thyroid peroxidase enzymatic activity. Nishikawa, T., Jaume, J.C., McLachlan, S.M., Rapoport, B. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1995) [Pubmed]
  36. T-cell reactivity to recombinant human thyrotropin receptor extracellular domain and thyroglobulin in patients with autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases. Soliman, M., Kaplan, E., Fisfalen, M.E., Okamoto, Y., DeGroot, L.J. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1995) [Pubmed]
  37. Thyroid transcription factor 1 and Pax8 synergistically activate the promoter of the human thyroglobulin gene. Espinoza, C.R., Schmitt, T.L., Loos, U. J. Mol. Endocrinol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  38. Interferon-gamma inhibits thyrotropin-induced thyroidal peroxidase gene expression in cultured human thyrocytes. Ashizawa, K., Yamashita, S., Nagayama, Y., Kimura, H., Hirayu, H., Izumi, M., Nagataki, S. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1989) [Pubmed]
  39. Activation of chlorpromazine by the myeloperoxidase system of the human neutrophil. van Zyl, J.M., Basson, K., Kriegler, A., van der Walt, B.J. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1990) [Pubmed]
  40. Thyrotropin receptor/thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in peripheral blood and fine-needle aspiration cytology: diagnostic synergy for detecting thyroid cancer. Wagner, K., Arciaga, R., Siperstein, A., Milas, M., Warshawsky, I., Sethu, S., Reddy, K., Gupta, M.K. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2005) [Pubmed]
  41. Type I interferons modulate the expression of thyroid peroxidase, sodium/iodide symporter, and thyroglobulin genes in primary human thyrocyte cultures. Caraccio, N., Giannini, R., Cuccato, S., Faviana, P., Berti, P., Galleri, D., Dardano, A., Basolo, F., Ferrannini, E., Monzani, F. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2005) [Pubmed]
  42. Increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies in euthyroid women with a history of recurrent in-vitro fertilization failure. Bussen, S., Steck, T., Dietl, J. Hum. Reprod. (2000) [Pubmed]
  43. Thyroglobulin-thyroperoxidase autoantibodies are polyreactive, not bispecific: analysis using human monoclonal autoantibodies. Latrofa, F., Pichurin, P., Guo, J., Rapoport, B., McLachlan, S.M. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2003) [Pubmed]
 
WikiGenes - Universities