Disease relevance of Ankle

• In seven patients who each had either a methyl methacrylate corneal shell, a postenucleation ocular prosthesis, or a keratoprosthesis, giant papillary conjunctivitis of the tarsus of the upper lids developed after prolonged wear [1].
• All four displayed changes suggestive of those seen in superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with papillary hypertrophy and inflammation of the upper tarsus, superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctival fluorescein staining, superior limbal hypertrophy, and upper corneal punctate staining [2].
• A synovial cell sarcoma of the tarsus in a 6-year-old dog was treated with doxorubicin HCl and cyclophosphamide [3].

High impact information on Ankle

• In the tarsus, ss is expressed only early, and is required for later expression of the tarsal gene bric à brac (bab) [4].
• For example, bric-a-brac2 is normally expressed in the central part of the tarsus domain but expands into distal and proximal regions in bowl clones [5].
• In early third instar, juxtaposition of Bar-positive and Bar-negative tissues causes central folding that may separate future tarsal segments 2 from 3, while juxtaposition of tissues differentially expressing Bar homeobox genes at later stages gives rise to segmental boundaries of distal tarsi including the tarsus/pretarsus boundary [6].
• Dll protein can be detected in a central domain in leg discs throughout most of larval development, and in mature discs this domain corresponds to the distal-most region of the leg, the tarsus and the distal tibia [7].
• Here we show in five independent assays the reason for this apparent contradictory requirement of SCR activity in tarsus determination [8].

Biological context of Ankle

• At particular stages and doses of Antennapedia product, cell differentiation of leg bristles was uncoupled from transformation of the third antennal segment to tarsus [9].
• HOXA-2 activity expressed from the Tubulin alpha 1 promoter modified the pb null phenotype resulting in a proboscis-to-arista transformation, indicating that HOXA-2 was able to suppress SCR activity required for tarsus formation [10].

Anatomical context of Ankle

• Touching the mesothoracic tarsus, for example, increases the number of spikes that are produced by the metathoracic slow extensor tibiae motor neuron and enhances the depolarization of flexor tibiae motor neuron in response to imposed movements of the chordotonal organ in the ipsilateral hind femur [11].
• CONCLUSIONS: Tarsal-conjunctival disease, a previously uncommon finding in patients with WG, was characterized by inflammation of the palpebral conjunctiva and tarsus followed by a fibrovascular proliferation and scar formation [12].
• In the 30 mg/kg ciprofloxacin group and the 30 and 60 mg/kg norfloxacin groups, histopathological articular cartilage lesions of the shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, knee and tarsus joints were observed in all of the dogs [13].
• Over the course of the human career the human foot has evolved an elaborate plantar aponeurosis, strong plantar ligaments, longitudinal arches, an enlarged musculus flexor accessorius, an adducted (non-opposable) hallux, a remodeled calcaneocuboid joint, a long tarsus, and shortened toes (II to V) [14].
• The immobilization of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons in the tarsus resulted in a loss of specialized structures around and on this tendon, as determined by light and electron microscopy [15].

Associations of Ankle with chemical compounds

• The AM accelerated the epithelialization of bare tarsus; this was demonstrated by lack of fluorescein staining and reversion to skin color within 2 to 3 weeks [16].
• The behavioural responses of desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, to solutions of four behaviourally relevant chemicals (sodium chloride, sucrose, nicotine hydrogen tartrate and lysine glutamate) applied as droplets to the hind tarsus were analysed [17].
• One variant (G6PD Hamm) had a low Km-value for glucose-6-phosphate, the other (G6PD Tarsus) exhibited an increased affinity for glucose-6-phosphate and a reduced affinity for NADP+ [18].
• In those cases where the phenylephrine test was positive to a level less than the desired lid height, a 1 mm of strip of tarsus is included in the tissue resection [19].
• Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 2: tarsus and stifle [20].

Gene context of Ankle

• We propose that EXD localized to the nucleus suppresses tarsus determination and activates arista determination [21].
• Three observations rule out a cell autonomous role for ANTP in tarsus determination [22].
• The tarsus, which has been proposed to be an ancestral structure, is instead defined by the activity of Distalless, dachshund, and a distal gradient of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras signaling [23].
• In Drosophila, PB inhibits SCR activity required for larval T1 beard formation and adult tarsus formation and is required for maxillary palp and proboscis formation [10].
• The expressed levels of dGqalpha and itpr in the tarsus of poxn70 mutant flies were reduced compared with those of wild-type flies [24].

References