Disease relevance of Neurons, Efferent

• High levels of zif-268, together with a persistent hyperresponsiveness of striatonigral dymorphinergic neurons and hyporesponsiveness of striatopallidal neurons, by creating an unbalanced state of striatal efferent neurons, may be implicated in dyskinetic movements observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) [1].

Psychiatry related information on Neurons, Efferent

• These Fos-expressing neurons may represent efferent neurons essential for the performance of maternal behavior [2].

High impact information on Neurons, Efferent

• Rhombomere-specific origin of the contralateral vestibulo-acoustic efferent neurons and their migration across the embryonic midline [3].
• Next, we tested the hypothesis that baclofen modulates LES motor tone via GBR expressed by vagal efferent neurons [4].
• Octopamine can be seen both in interneurons, efferent neurons and neurosecretory cells [5].
• In the hindbrain, reelin signaling might alter the adhesive properties of efferent neurons and their ability to respond to directional cues, as has been suggested for the migration of olfactory bulb precursors [6].
• The lack of GATA3 expression in r4 inhibits the projection of contralateral vestibuloacoustic efferent neurons and the migration of facial branchiomotor neurons similar to Hoxb1-deficient mice [7].

Biological context of Neurons, Efferent

• Although the forms of the action potentials in efferent neurons and in MG cells are different, all spikes are mediated by tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na+ conductances and spike repolarization is mediated by tetraethylammonium (TEA+)-sensitive K+ conductances [8].
• Our previous studies suggested that Ang II binding sites are associated with presynaptic vagal afferent fibers in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) and vagal efferent neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX) [9].
• In summary, the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons originated a marked increase in CB1 receptor-mRNA levels in cell bodies of striatal efferent neurons, although accompanied by no changes in CB1 receptor binding and activation of signal transduction mechanisms [10].
• This may result from a secondary downregulation after increased local synaptic norepinephrine levels caused by increased firing rates of the efferent neurons or as the result of impaired presynaptic catecholamine reuptake [11].

Anatomical context of Neurons, Efferent

• The release of the peptide neurotransmitter substance P from the peripheral terminals of nociceptive afferent neurons and the release of catecholamines from postganglionic sympathetic efferent neurons produce physiologic changes associated with acute inflammation [12].
• Vasopressin- and proctolin-like immunoreactive efferent neurons in blowfly abdominal ganglia: development and ultrastructure [13].
• Both electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area and local application of dopamine induce an inhibition of the spontaneous activity of most prefrontal cortical neurons, including efferent neurons [14].
• Previous studies suggest that acetylcholine (ACh) is a transmitter released from taste cells as well as a transmitter in cholinergic efferent neurons innervating taste buds [15].
• Two types of actions of norepinephrine on identified auditory efferent neurons in rat brain stem slices [16].

Associations of Neurons, Efferent with chemical compounds

• On the other hand, the m1 and m4 receptors may act as heteroreceptors in cholinoceptive efferent neurons (enkephalin and substance P neurons) and other neurons (somatostatin/neuropeptide Y and neurotensin neurons) [17].
• Opioid peptides have been detected in the auditory and vestibular efferent neurons where they colocalize with the major neurotransmitter, acetylcholine [18].
• Serotonin activates a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex which induces discharges of sympathetic efferent neurons [19].
• Intrastriatal injection of kainic acid (which selectively destroys striatal interneurons and efferent neurons and also induces marked glial proliferation) reduced activity by 20% [20].
• Nearly all efferent neurons in the IMG and SCG, but only 2/3 of the PPG neurons, contained dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [21].

Gene context of Neurons, Efferent

• All medium spiny efferent neurons, some of which were identified as striatonigral neurons, displayed immunoreactivity for GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits [22].
• Prodynorphin derivatives, however, may be restricted exclusively to lateral efferent neurons [23].
• In addition, from E10.5-E11.5, Cx31 was expressed by a column of cells in ventral r4, most likely representing contralateral vestibulo-acoustic efferent neurons, immediately anterior to a ventral column expressing Cx36 at the same stage [24].
• Additional cochlear efferent neurons, some of which are ChAT-positive and others GAD-positive, are present within and immediately dorsal to the fiber capsule surrounding the medial limb, and to a lesser extent the lateral limb, of the ipsilateral LSO [25].
• These results indicate that substance P and neuropeptide Y may directly regulate efferent neurons controlling gastric motility and acid secretion [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Neurons, Efferent

• Vagal efferent neurons were spared by kainic acid treatment since bradycardic responses to electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of a cut vagus were not impaired [27].
• In this study, using double in situ hybridization, we show that virtually all striatal efferent neurons, identified by the expression of preproenkephalin A, substance P, or D(1) receptor mRNA, contained high amounts of Galpha(olf) mRNA and undetectable levels of Galpha(s) mRNA [28].

References