Disease relevance of Bialaphos

• We analyzed the response to CaMV infection of a transgenic oilseed rape line containing the bialaphos tolerance gene (BAR) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, regulated by the 35S promoter [1].
• Enhanced expression of the bialaphos resistance (bar) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which confers resistance to the herbicides bialaphos and phosphinothricin (PPT), has been obtained in Escherichia coli using a vector system based on translational coupling [2].
• Herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng plants were produced by introducing the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene that confers resistance to the herbicide Basta (bialaphos) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens co-cultivation [3].
• His clinical course indicates that the management of apnea is critically important to recovery from bialaphos poisoning [4].
• Bialaphos poisoning with apnea and metabolic acidosis [4].

High impact information on Bialaphos

• Twenty-two stable, independently transformed regenerable lines were obtained by selecting with the herbicide bialaphos to test for the presence of the bar herbicide resistance gene on a cotransformed plasmid; all were positive for this gene [5].
• The protocol for obtaining transgenic plants consists of the delivery of the bar gene to immature zygotic embryos and the imposition of bialaphos selection pressure at various stages during culture, from induction of somatic embryogenesis to rooting of regenerated plantlets [6].
• Strains of the genotype app+ opp- are resistant to the tripeptide antibiotic bialaphos [7].
• Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to follow changes in gene expression associated with antibiotic (bialaphos) biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus [8].
• Transgene methylation was observed in the bialaphos-selected transgenic calluses expressing the transgenes, and methylation sequences were distributed preferentially around the as-1 element in the 35S promoter [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bialaphos

• The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the Streptomyces hygroscopicus gene encoding carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate (CPEP) synthase, that catalyzes a transesterification between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and phosphonoformate (PF) in the bialaphos biosynthetic pathway, has been determined [10].
• During biosynthetic studies on bialaphos to reveal the formation mechanisms of carbon-phosphorous bonds in detail, three new metabolites containing a H-P-C bond structure were isolated from the fermentation broth of a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293 [11].
• Studies on the biosynthesis of bialaphos (SF-1293). 14. Nucleotide sequence of phosphoenolpyruvate phosphomutase gene isolated from a bialaphos producing organism, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and its expression in Streptomyces lividans [12].
• Studies on the biosynthesis of bialaphos (SF-1293). 4. Production of phosphonic acid derivatives, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, hydroxymethylphosphonic acid and phosphonoformic acid by blocked mutants of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293 and their roles in the biosynthesis of bialaphos [13].
• An enzymatic activity catalyzing P-methylation of N-acetyldemethylphosphinothricin, a biosynthetic intermediate of the herbicide bialaphos, was detected in a cell extract of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293, a bialaphos producing organism [14].

Biological context of Bialaphos

• Extensive methylation of the Ubi1 promoter has been shown to be associated with transcriptional silencing and bialaphos herbicide sensitivity in several R(1) progeny derived from a transgenic rice line, JKA 52, containing multiple copies of the introduced genes (Kumpatla et al. 1997;Plant Physiol. 115, 361-373) [15].
• Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals linked N-acetyl hydrolase, thioesterase, transport, and regulatory genes encoded by the bialaphos biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces hygroscopicus [16].
• The first 30 residues of the amino terminus of this protein were identical to those predicted by the nucleotide sequence of the gene that restored BA production to NP213 [17].
• For the 2 T-DNA vector treatment, 86.7% of the bialaphos resistant/GUS active calli produced R0 plants exhibiting both transgenic phenotypes compared to 10% for the mixed strain treatment and 99% for the single T-DNA control vector treatment [18].
• We have created three new dominant drug resistance cassettes by replacing the kanamycin resistance (kan(r)) open reading frame from the kanMX3 and kanMX4 disruption-deletion cassettes (Wach et al., 1994) with open reading frames conferring resistance to the antibiotics hygromycin B (hph), nourseothricin (nat) and bialaphos (pat) [19].

Anatomical context of Bialaphos

• Cosynthesis and protoplast fusion by mutants of bialaphos (AMPBA) producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus [20].
• Transformed bialaphos-resistant BMS cell lines were generated with all three vectors containing the bar gene: between 38 and 60% of cell lines contained replicating viral episomes [21].
• Decreased glutamine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was demonstrated for the first time as well as in plasma, indicating glutamine synthetase inhibition not only in plants but also in humans by bialaphos poisoning [22].

Associations of Bialaphos with other chemical compounds

• Phosphinothricin-tripeptide (Ptt), also known as bialaphos, contains phosphinothricin (Pt), a potent inhibitor of glutamine synthetase [23].
• Three bialaphos-nonproducing mutants, NP60, NP61 and NP62, isolated from S. hygroscopicus by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were defective for the alanylation step and were not restored to productivity by any locus of the gene cluster previously cloned [24].
• A 64-year-old man with ethanol intoxication, ingested a bottle of Herbiace (100 ml, 32 w/v% of bialaphos, CAS #35597-43-4, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Tokyo, Japan) [4].
• When protoplasts of Pleurotus ostreatus were mixed with the plasmid DNA in the presence of polyethylene glycol and CaCl2, bialaphos-resistant colonies were obtained [25].

Gene context of Bialaphos

• A plasmid pLC-bar containing the bialaphos resistance gene derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus between the Lentinus edodes ras gene promoter and priA gene terminator was constructed [25].
• A total of 93.4% of the bialaphos selected calli from the 2 T-DNA vector treatment exhibited GUS activity compared to 11.7% for the mixed strain treatment and 98.2% for the cis control vector treatment [18].
• In all genotypes, more than seven hundred immature embryos were bombarded with a plasmid containing a bialaphos-resistant gene under control of the rice actin 1 gene [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bialaphos

• Twenty-three out of 32 bialaphos-resistant plants integrated the NtFAD3 gene, which was confirmed by Southern-blot analysis of R0 plants, and showed one to more than 20 hybridizing bands of exogenous DNA, indicating a 72% (23/32) co-integration frequency [27].
• A 47-year-old Japanese woman undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD) was admitted to our hospital because of poisoning with the herbicide bialaphos [22].
• Treatment with HD and direct hemoperfusion, followed by HD alone, effectively removed bialaphos and its chief toxic metabolite (L-AMPB) from the circulation (bialaphos decreased from 0.33 to < 0.05 microg/ml and L-AMPB from 14 to 0.86 microg/ml) [22].
• A resulting construct with a Bar gene cassette for bialaphos selection in plant (rpE-VP2) was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens by electroporation [28].

References