Disease relevance of Streptomyces

• Lactacystin is a Streptomyces metabolite that inhibits cell cycle progression and induces neurite outgrowth in a murine neuroblastoma cell line [1].
• The deduced protein encoded by sigF shows significant similarity to SigF sporulation sigma factors from Streptomyces coelicolor and Bacillus subtilis and to SigB, a stress-response sigma factor, from B. subtilis [2].
• This system depends on whiB7, a gene that pathogenic Mycobacterium shares with Streptomyces, a phylogenetically related genus known as the source of diverse antibiotics [3].
• It is homologous to qacA from Staphylococcus aureus, tcmA, of Streptomyces glaucescens, and actII and mmr, both from Streptomyces coelicoler [4].
• The glycosaminoglycan could be digested with testicular hyaluronidase and with Streptomyces hyaluronate lyase but not with Serratia chitinase [5].

Psychiatry related information on Streptomyces

• The release of p-nitrophenol was linear to reaction time at an early stage of the reaction with phospholipase D from Streptomyces sp. In the spectrophotometric assay for the reaction with phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus, which has higher hydrolytic activity than transphosphatidylation activity, p-nitrophenol was not found [6].

High impact information on Streptomyces

• At least three different RNA polymerase holoenzymes direct transcription of the agarase gene (dagA) of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) [7].
• We demonstrate the use of this approach through the rapid improvement of tylosin production from Streptomyces fradiae [8].
• Antibiotic-producing polyketide synthases (PKSs) are enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis in Streptomyces and related filamentous bacteria of a remarkably broad range of bioactive metabolites, including antitumour aromatic compounds such as mithramycin and macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin [9].
• However, the rppA gene from the Gram-positive, soil-living filamentous bacterium Streptomyces griseus encodes a 372-amino-acid protein that shows significant similarity to chalcone synthases [10].
• In an arrangement that seems to be generally true of antibiotic biosynthetic genes in Streptomyces and related bacteria like S. erythraea, the ery genes encoding the biosynthetic pathway to erythromycin are clustered around the gene (ermE) that confers self-resistance on S. erythraea [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Streptomyces

• Fragmentation of benzylpenicillin after interaction with the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidases of Streptomyces R61 and R39 [12].
• Fate of thiazolidine ring during fragmentation of penicillin by exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61 [13].
• Selective expression of different combinations of the Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin (Tcm) tcmJKLMN genes in a tcmGHIJKLMNO null background has been used to show that the Tcm PKS consists of at least the TcmKLMN proteins [14].
• The function of homoserine lactone derivatives in many cell density-dependent phenomena and the similarity of RspA to a Streptomyces ambofaciens protein suggest that synthesis of homoserine lactone may be a general signal of starvation [15].
• Concomitant expression of these genes in the actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor produced epothilones A and B. Streptomyces coelicolor is more amenable to strain improvement and grows about 10-fold as rapidly as the natural producer, so this heterologous expression system portends a plentiful supply of this important agent [16].

Biological context of Streptomyces

• Addition of purified PLD from Streptomyces chromofuscus to 2,3-DPG-treated macrophages restored phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis to control levels [17].
• The presence of an ACP gene within the tcm gene cluster suggests that different ACPs are used in fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis in Streptomyces [18].
• sigmaR, an RNA polymerase sigma factor that modulates expression of the thioredoxin system in response to oxidative stress in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) [19].
• Here we describe repressible (PipOFF) as well as inducible (PipON) systems for regulated gene expression in mammalian cells, based on the repressor Pip (pristinamycin-induced protein), which is encoded by the streptogramin resistance operon of Streptomyces coelicolor [20].
• Genetics of Streptomyces fradiae and tylosin biosynthesis [21].

Anatomical context of Streptomyces

• Within one of these motifs, and essential to the RT function of Streptomyces TopA, is an Asp-Asp doublet sequence required also for the RT activities of human immunodeficiency virus and eukaryotic cell telomerases [22].
• Spicamycin (SPM), produced by Streptomyces alanosinicus, induces potent differentiation in a human leukemia cell line, HL60 [23].
• Limited proteolysis of rod outer segment membranes with trypsin and Streptomyces griseus protease indicated that the 3D6 antibody bound to the trypsin-sensitive region close to the carboxyl-terminal end of rhodopsin [24].
• RESULTS: In quiescent fibroblasts, exogenous PLD (from Streptomyces chromofuscus) stimulated accumulation of the GTP-bound form of Ras, activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and DNA synthesis, through the pertussis-toxin-sensitive inhibitory G protein Gi [25].
• The treatment of EDG3-expressing CHO cells with exogenous Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, which caused an accumulation of phosphatidic acid, resulted in increases in PI3K activity and the phosphorylation of Akt, the latter of which was completely abolished by LY294002 [26].

Gene context of Streptomyces

• We suggest that coupling the operon's constitutive promoter to the galE gene fulfills a physiological requirement for constitutive UDPgalactose 4-epimerase expression in Streptomyces [27].
• Anisomycin, a translational inhibitor secreted by Streptomyces spp., strongly activates the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases JNK/SAPK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase) and p38/RK in mammalian cells, resulting in rapid induction of immediate-early (IE) genes in the nucleus [28].
• A relA/spoT homologous gene from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) controls antibiotic biosynthetic genes [29].
• The beta-lactamase inhibitor protein (BLIP) of Streptomyces clavuligerus, is a potent inhibitor of several beta-lactamases, including the TEM-1 enzyme (Ki = 0.6 nM) [30].
• Sanglifehrin A (SFA) is a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces sp. that binds strongly to the human immunophilin cyclophilin A (CypA) [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Streptomyces

• A fermentation method that bypasses the low-yielding semisynthesis of epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) and 4'-epidaunorubicin, important cancer chemotherapy drugs, has been developed for Streptomyces peucetius [32].
• Sequence analysis of the drrAB locus from Streptomyces peucetius (American Type Culture Collection 29050) reveals the presence of two genes, drrA and drrB, both of which are required for daunorubicin and doxorubicin (Adriamycin) resistance in the heterologous host Streptomyces lividans [33].
• Proteinase specificity of a proteinaceous inhibitor of subtilisin (SSI; Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor) can be altered so as to strongly inhibit trypsin simply by replacing P1 methionine with lysine (with or without concomitant change of the P4 residue) through site-directed mutagenesis [34].
• In the present study, we report that teleocidin, and indole alkaloid isolated from Streptomyces, induces several biological effects similar to those of TPA in cell culture [35].
• Molecular cloning and expression of the phenoxazinone synthase gene from Streptomyces antibioticus [36].

References