Disease relevance of phosphoenolpyruvate

• Phosphofructokinase in Escherichia coli is such an enzyme, being inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and activated by ADP and GDP [1].
• Enolase or 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase catalyses the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, which in turn is converted by pyruvate kinase to pyruvate [2].
• Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) of several Bacillus subtilis catabolic genes is mediated by ATP-dependent phosphorylation of histidine-containing protein (HPr), a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): sugar phosphotransferase system [3].
• Membrane vesicles from Salmonella typhimurium SB3507 were used to study the kinetics of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MeGlc) transport by the phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) [4].
• The binding of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to the single allosteric site on phosphofructokinase (EC ) from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BsPFK) diminishes the ability of the enzyme to bind the substrate fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P) [5].

High impact information on phosphoenolpyruvate

• The histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr) is a central component of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system that transports carbohydrates across the cell membrane of bacteria [6].
• In these mutant mice, the amounts of glycogen synthase messenger RNA were 50 to 70 percent of normal and the transcriptional induction of the genes for two gluconeogenic enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, was delayed [7].
• We report analyses of 202 fully sequenced genomes for homologues of known protein constituents of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) [8].
• In addition to determining the effect of hydrazine sulfate on the plasma levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase regulating hormones, we have investigated the effects of hydrazine sulfate on endotoxin lethality in mice whose capacity to respond hormonally to external stimuli has been compromised by hypophysectomy [9].
• The knockdown of IRS-1 resulted in an upregulation of the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6 phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, as well as a marked increase in hepatic nuclear factor-4 alpha [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of phosphoenolpyruvate

• Streptococcus pyogenes pregrown on lactose took up glucose, lactose, or methyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (MeSGal or TMG) by a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system [11].
• Regulated high-level expression of the mannitol permease of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli [12].
• Despite compensatory adrenal hyperplasia and increased adrenal secretion of corticosterone, on starvation homozygous mutants had attenuated activation of the key hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, presumably, because of relative intrahepatic glucocorticoid deficiency [13].
• Fructose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli: its alterations and adenylate cyclase activity [14].
• The rate of phosphoenolpyruvate transport in erythrocytes from patients with hereditary spherocytosis and from healthy individuals was examined in a 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.1 at 37 degrees C) containing 10 mM phosphoenolpyruvate and 10 mM NaF [15].

Biological context of phosphoenolpyruvate

• IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation and coimmunoprecipitation of phosphatidylinositol3-kinase by antiphosphotyrosine antibodies was also observed in liver, and was associated with a decrease in mRNA levels of the key gluconeogenetic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [16].
• Work on the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter using transgenic mice has been particularly informative: the cis-acting elements involved in hormonal regulation, tissue specificity and developmental inhibition of gene expression have been identified and their function in vivo examined [17].
• Genetics of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system [18].
• Glucagon and its second messenger, cAMP, are known to rapidly block expression of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene and to stimulate expression of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase gene in the liver in vivo [19].
• In the absence of substrate this antitermination is prevented by the action of the product of gene bglF (the second gene of the operon), which encodes the beta-glucoside-specific transport protein (enzymeIIBgl of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system, PTS) resulting in repression of the operon [20].

Anatomical context of phosphoenolpyruvate

• The nuclear gene expression defects in cue1 suggest that a light intensity-dependent interorganellar signal is modulated through metabolites dependent on a plastid supply of phosphoenolpyruvate [21].
• The molecular aberrations were characterized by slow mobility upon electrophoresis, abnormal kinetics for phosphoenolpyruvate, and low affinity for anti-human erythrocyte PK serum [22].
• Using hepatocytes from mice lacking HNF4alpha in the liver, we show here that PGC-1alpha completely loses its ability to activate key genes of gluconeogenesis such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase when HNF4alpha is absent [23].
• A mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-binding site in the gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reduces adipose tissue size and fat content in mice [24].
• For further studies, membrane vesicles of S. thermophilus were fused with cytochrome c oxidase-containing liposomes, and, when appropriate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) plus purified enzyme I and heat-stable protein HPr were incorporated into the hybrid membranes [25].

Associations of phosphoenolpyruvate with other chemical compounds

• Dihydroxyacetone (Dha) kinases are a sequence-conserved family of enzymes, which utilize either ATP (in animals, plants, bacteria) or the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) as a source of high-energy phosphate [26].
• Reactions connecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis, catalyzed by the malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, consume up to 23% of the metabolized glucose [27].
• Moreover, in vivo transcription and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Dof1 can interact specifically with the maize C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene promoter and enhance its promoter activity, which displays a light-regulated expression pattern matching Dof1 activity [28].
• Reserve mobilization in the Arabidopsis endosperm fuels hypocotyl elongation in the dark, is independent of abscisic acid, and requires PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE1 [29].
• We conclude that the intermediates of anaerobic glycolysis between fructose 1,6-diphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate are essential for beta-cell glucose sensing [30].

Gene context of phosphoenolpyruvate

• PCK1 encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is transcriptionally regulated by two upstream activating elements [31].
• In this study, we determine that CUE1 encodes the plastid inner envelope phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator (PPT) and define amino acid residues that are critical for translocator function [21].
• The importance of glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue was assessed in mice by specifically eliminating the expression of the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C), an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the pathway [24].
• Generation time and growth yield of yeast expressing either fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are not significantly different from those of the wild-type strain [32].
• The enzyme enolase catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of phosphoenolpyruvate

• The N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate/glycose phosphotransferase system: molecular cloning and characterization [34].
• Suspension cell cultures of Brassica nigra contain two major inducible acid phosphatase (APase) isozymes; vacuolar phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) APase and cell wall nonspecific APase [35].
• This inhibition of the glucagon-dependent induction of the enzyme was accompanied by a similar reduction of the increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-mRNA level as assessed by Northern blot analysis [36].
• Specific antibodies against phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were raised in rabbits and purified by affinity chromatography [37].
• Biochemical, immunological, and sequence analyses demonstrated that the glucose permease of Bacillus subtilis, the glucose-specific Enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system, is a single polypeptide chain with a C-terminal Enzyme III-like domain [38].

References