Disease relevance of phosphinothricin

• Phosphinothricin tripeptide synthetases in Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü494 [1].
• Investigation of the mechanism of phosphinothricin inactivation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase using rapid quench kinetic technique [2].
• The resolution of the native structure of GS from Salmonella typhimurium has been extended to 2.5 A resolution, and the improved model is used to determine the structure of phosphinothricin complexed to GS by difference Fourier methods [3].
• Pseudomonas putida EEZ15(pWW0-EB62) is a phosphinothricin (PPT)-resistant strain with a recombinant TOL plasmid which allows the strain to grow on p-ethylbenzoate [4].
• These included the reporter proteins GFP and DsRed, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (encoded by the herbicide resistance bar gene), and the RNA silencing suppressors encoded by Tomato bushy stunt virus, Turnip crinkle virus, Tobacco etch virus, and Soybean mosaic virus [5].

High impact information on phosphinothricin

• Increased levels of AS polypeptides and transcripts were also transiently observed in nodules by inhibiting GS activity with phosphinothricin [6].
• Resistance to PPT in transgenic crops has been reported by nuclear expression of a bar transgene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a detoxifying enzyme [7].
• We report here expression of a bacterial bar gene (b-bar1) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Petit Havana) plastids that confers field-level tolerance to Liberty, an herbicide containing PPT [7].
• Expression of a fusion protein between the amino terminal region of GR and phosphinothricin acetyl transferase resulted in targeting of the foreign protein to chloroplasts and mitochondria [8].
• Plant material was bombarded with the plasmid pDB1 containing the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA) under the control of the actin-1 promoter of rice, and the selectable marker gene bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of phosphinothricin

• Stereospecific production of the herbicide phosphinothricin (glufosinate) by transamination: isolation and characterization of a phosphinothricin-specific transaminase from Escherichia coli [10].
• Conversion of bialaphos to other oligopeptides containing phosphinothricin by Streptomyces hygroscopicus [11].
• Axillary bud explants from 6-month-old sugarcane cultivars Co92061 and Co671 were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strains LBA4404 and EHA105 that harboured a binary vector pGA492 carrying neomycin phosphotransferase II, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) and an intron containing beta-glucuronidase (gus-intron) genes in the T-DNA region [12].
• Isolation and characterization of the PEP-phosphomutase and the phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase genes from the phosphinothricin tripeptide producer Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü494 [13].
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains AGL1 and KYRT1 are the most successful in our procedure, and kanamycin, phosphinothricin, and hygromycin are reliable selectable markers [14].

Biological context of phosphinothricin

• Phosphinothricin not only exhibits the kinetic properties of a slow tight-binding inhibitor but also undergoes phosphorylation during the course of the ATP-dependent inactivation [2].
• Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and heterologous expression of the phosphinothricin tripeptide biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes DSM 40736 [15].
• The crystal structure of phosphinothricin in the active site of glutamine synthetase illuminates the mechanism of enzymatic inhibition [3].
• The acid lability of phosphinothricin phosphate enabled investigation of the kinetics of glutamine synthetase inactivation using rapid quench kinetic techniques [2].
• A reporter gene (bar) coding for phosphinothricin acetyl-transferase was inserted into the small non-coding region of the MSV genome [16].

Associations of phosphinothricin with other chemical compounds

• PEG-mediated transformation was done with two plasmid constructs containing either a CaMV 35S promoter/HPH chimaeric gene conferring resistance to hygromycin (Hg) or a CaMV 35S promoter/BAR chimaeric gene conferring resistance to a commercial herbicide (Basta) containing phosphinothricin (PPT) [17].
• The selectivity, efficiency and lifetime of normal- and narrow-bore columns for high-performance liquid chromatography were investigated for the separation and quantification of amino acids and the amino acid-like antibiotics phosphinothricin and phosphinothricylalanylalanine in biological samples [18].
• Proliferating SMCs were bombarded with a mixture of plasmids containing the sgfp(S65T) gene and one of three selectable marker genes, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar), hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) [19].
• Among three possible conformations of phosphinothricin in the active site of GS, this compatible with binding mode of methionine sulfoximine, determined recently by crystallography, was found to be energetically favored [20].
• The test proteins consisted of Ara h 2 (a peanut conglutin-like protein), beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, and soybean trypsin inhibitor [21].

Gene context of phosphinothricin

• We have investigated the inhibition of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (GS) with alpha- and gamma-substituted analogues of phosphinothricin [L-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid (PPT)], a naturally occurring inhibitor of GS [22].
• Stereospecific production of the herbicide phosphinothricin (glufosinate): purification of aspartate transaminase from Bacillus stearothermophilus, cloning of the corresponding gene, aspC, and application in a coupled transaminase process [23].
• Design, synthesis, and activity of analogues of phosphinothricin as inhibitors of glutamine synthetase [24].
• The observation that Bah was similar to a rat and to a bacterial (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus) lipase probably reflects the fact that the ester bonds of triglycerides and the amide bond linking acetate to phosphinothricin are similar and hydrolysis is catalyzed by structurally related enzymes [25].
• Phosphinothricin induces epileptic activity via nitric oxide production through NMDA receptor activation in adult mice [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of phosphinothricin

• Transgenic L. japonicus plants resistant to PPT were positive upon PCR by bar gene-specific primers [27].
• Addition of thiol-compounds during infection and co-culture with Agrobacterium and the choice of the bar gene for selection with phosphinothricin were also important [28].
• Direct selection of bar resistant transformants was achieved by allowing a 24 h period of recovery of cells transformed by biolistic procedure, followed by growth of the cells for one week under standard condition prior to harvesting and plating on the solid medium containing 0.5 microg/mL of phosphinothricin (PPT) [29].
• Polymerase chain reaction and genomic Southern blot analysis confirmed stable integration of the transgenes in the genome of the PPT-resistant plants [30].

References