Disease relevance of Benzylpenicilloyl

• When classified according to initial reaction type, most anaphylactic patients (93.3%) were associated with minor determinant reactivity, whereas most urticaria patients (80%) reacted to BPO [1].
• The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) for benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) group was observed in the footpad swelling reaction (FSR) in mice [2].
• Skin testing with a mixture of benzylpenicilloyl polylysine (major determinant) and a minor determinant mixture detects all patients at risk of major anaphylaxis [3].

High impact information on Benzylpenicilloyl

• OBJECTIVE--To establish (1) the prevalence of positive penicillin skin tests among outpatients with well-defined but variable history of penicillin allergy and (2) the reproducibility, safety, and negative predictive value of skin testing with benzylpenicilloyl polylysine (PPL) and a minor-determinant mixture (MDM) [4].
• High titered IgE, IgG, and IgM antibody responses to the major antigenic determinant of penicillin, the benzylpenicilloyl hapten, were elicited by the intraperitoneal injection of the hapten coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin mixed with the appropriate adjuvant [5].
• Origin and fate of IgE-bearing lymphocytes. II. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue as sites of first appearance of IgE-bearing B lymphocytes and hapten-specific IgE antibody-forming cells in mice immunized with benzylpenicilloyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin by various routes: relation to asialo GM1 ganglioside+ cells and IgE/CD23 immune complexes [6].
• With this method IgE antibody directed against the benzylpenicilloyl determinant of penicillin (BPO) was measured quantitatively in sera from seven penicillin allergic patients [7].
• Group A consisted of patients with a positive skin test response to benzylpenicilloyl or minor determinant mixture, and group B consisted of those with a selective response to amoxicillin and good tolerance to benzylpenicillin [8].

Biological context of Benzylpenicilloyl

• Identification of lysine residue 199 of human serum albumin as a binding site for benzylpenicilloyl groups [9].
• Antibodies against the benzylpenicilloyl determinant were used to identify complexes of benzylpenicilloyl and penicillin binding protein (PBP) of several bacterial species on immunoblots [10].
• The effect of trypsin-treated human peripheral blood lymphocytes on spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated using benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-coated HeLa cells as targets [11].
• It was shown that the interaction between isologous murine anti-Id directed against anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies and BPO-specific IgE molecules on the cell surface can induce PCA reactions on rats [12].
• It has been proposed that the combination of the benzylpenicilloyl hapten with exposed or altered erythrocyte antigens, induces an autoimmune response [13].

Anatomical context of Benzylpenicilloyl

• Histamine release from basophil granulocytes in whole blood by benzylpenicilloyl poly-L-lysine (PPL) was investigated in 7 patients with penicillin allergy [14].

Associations of Benzylpenicilloyl with other chemical compounds

• However, treatment of such mice with the benzylpenicilloyl derivatized synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine, either before or after primary immunization, resulted in significant suppression of the subsequent anti-benzylpenicilloyl antibody responses of the IgE and IgG classes, as measured at the humoral and cellular levels [5].
• Spleen cells of BALB/c mice were chemically modified with phosphorylcholine or benzylpenicilloyl hapten [15].
• No IgG anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following daily i.p. or i.m. administration to male Wistar rats of BP (2.7 mmol/kg) freshly dissolved in 0.5% glucose, for 4 consecutive days at 4-week intervals [16].
• Neuropeptide-mediated regulation of hapten-specific IgE responses in mice. II. Mechanisms of substance P-mediated isotype-specific suppression of BPO-specific IgE antibody-forming cell responses induced in vitro [17].
• The benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) skin test was positive in 16 (53.3%) patients, whereas 23 (76.6%) patients were positive to minor determinant mixture (MDM), benzylpenicillin (PG), AMP, or amoxicillin (AX) [1].

Gene context of Benzylpenicilloyl

• The ability of interleukin (IL)-6 or interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) to regulate expression of low-affinity Fc(epsilon) receptor (CD23) and serum levels of CD23 was studied in benzylpenicilloyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-sensitized BALB/c mice at the peak of a hapten-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody-forming cell (AFC) response [18].
• The ability of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, GmCSF) to regulate peak benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-specific IgE antibody-forming cell (AFC) responses was investigated [19].
• Furthermore, the allele was strongly associated with increased serum-specific benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-, phenoxomethylpenicillanyl (PVA)- or ampicillanyl (APA)-IgE levels in patients with positive specific IgE (P < 0.05) [20].
• Recently we have shown that active immunization of syngenic animals with anti-ovalbumin antibodies evokes an anti-idiotypic (aId) response, which in consequence leads to suppression of the anti-hapten (benzylpenicilloyl, BPO; dinitrophenyl, DNP) IgE and IgG formation subsequently attempted by immunization with low doses of hapten-OVA conjugates [21].
• The ability of IL-6 or IFN alpha or antibodies to these cytokines to regulate serum levels of hapten specific immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG1, IgE, IgA) was studied in BPO-KLH (benzylpenicilloyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin) sensitized BALB/c mice at the peak of a hapten specific IgE antibody forming cell (AFC) response [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Benzylpenicilloyl

• The unresponsiveness to BPO of spleen cells from immunosuppressed donors was also maintained in adoptive cell transfer experiments in spite of the additional administration of the immunizing antigen under conditions expected to yield a secondary IgE response [23].
• Transient bisalbuminemia: separation by isoelectric focusing of human albumin fractions linked to different numbers of benzylpenicilloyl groups [24].
• The specificity of the IgG and IgM antibodies for the BPO determinant was confirmed by ELISA inhibition with BPO-aminocaproate [25].
• Immunoaffinity (IA) and reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography were combined for the identification of the specific binding sites of benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) groups on human serum albumin (HSA) [26].

References