Disease relevance of lysine

• N-cadherin promotes the rapid extension of neurites from chick ciliary ganglion neurons, which extend few or no neurites on adhesive but noninducing substrates such as polylysine, tissue culture plastic, and collagens [1].
• We have previously shown that coupling of a chimeric adenovirus with polylysine allowed the construction of an adenovirus-polylysine-reporter-gene complex that transferred the transporter gene with great efficiency into HeLa cells [2].
• A synthetic molecular conjugate, consisting of mannosylated polylysine that exploits endocytosis via the macrophage mannose receptor, was constructed and complexed to expression plasmids containing either the Photinus pyralis luciferase or Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter genes [3].
• Isolated myelin from adult rat spinal cord was adsorbed to polylysine-coated culture dishes and tested as a substrate for peripheral neurons, neuroblastoma cells, or 3T3 cells [4].
• When laminin was combined with polylysine in the substratum, the degree of fasciculation and rate of elongation were similar to those seen on laminin alone, whereas the tendency for clockwise outgrowth was even more pronounced than that observed with polylysine alone [5].

Psychiatry related information on lysine

• In contrast to this stimulatory effect of polylysine on the autophosphorylation, polylysine strongly inhibited the conversion reaction of phosphorylase b to a [6].

High impact information on lysine

• A yeast protein, Sui3, isolated as an extragenic suppressor of his4 initiation codon mutations, exhibits extensive sequence identity with human eIF-2 beta, especially in the polylysine and zinc finger domains, thereby reinforcing the view that these elements are important for function [7].
• The polylysine blocks and the zinc finger motif suggest that eIF-2 beta interacts with RNA [7].
• The protein possesses putative GTP-binding sites, a zinc finger motif, and a highly charged N-terminal region composed of three basic polylysine blocks separated by acidic domains [7].
• The 14C-sucrose-labeled peptides that arose upon degradation of the added 14C-sucBSA polylysine accumulated exclusively within lysosomes [8].
• After a 1 hr pulse of dense amino acids and 3H-lysine, nucleosomes were isolated from chick myoblast organ cultures, and the histones were cross-linked to octamers [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of lysine

• We have previously shown that aminoglycosides such as neomycin and the polyamino acids polylysine and polyarginine selectively inhibit the binding of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to the cellular receptor, whereas HSV-2 infection is unaffected [10].
• Outgrowth morphology, degree of fasciculation, and outgrowth length were examined on collagen (COL), polyornithine (PO), polylysine (PL), fibronectin (FN), and nonneuronal cells (NNCs) from the ganglion [11].
• We found that adenovirus containing polylysine in the fiber knob was able to efficiently transduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated splenic B cells and the B lymphoma line M12.4.1; greater than 80% of the cells expressed beta-galactosidase activity [12].
• The type-II receptor immuno-precipitated from human osteosarcoma cells exhibited autophosphorylation and casein kinase activity that was markedly stimulated by polylysine yet was insensitive to heparin [13].
• CONCLUSION: Occlusive and reperfused myocardial infarction can be detected at gadolinium polylysine-enhanced MR imaging by means of differential SI changes in normal myocardium and central and peripheral ischemic zones [14].

Biological context of lysine

• In the presence of polylysine or protamine, marked phosphorylation is observed [15].
• We have now explored simpler, biochemical means for coupling adenovirus to DNA/polylysine complexes and show that such complexes yield virtually 100% transfection in tissue culture cell lines [2].
• Luciferase and beta-galactosidase activity was found in transfected cells in culture, whereas complexes consisting of an irrelevant plasmid bound to mannosylated polylysine or the expression plasmid bound to galactosylated polylysine resulted in no detectable transgene expression [3].
• These DNA complexes mimic the entry of viruses into cells, as they contain functions for (i) the packaging of the nucleic acid with polylysine, (ii) the attachment to the cell and receptor-mediated endocytosis with transferrin as a ligand, and (iii) the release from endosomes by using membrane-disrupting influenza peptides [16].
• The base-pair spacing of DNA prepared for electron microscopy by the polylysine method was found to be 0.326 nm [17].

Anatomical context of lysine

• Erythrocytes were ionically attached to polylysine-coated beads 30 micrometers in diameter [18].
• Cerebellar neurons, cultured on monolayers of 3T3 fibroblasts or on a polylysine/extracellular matrix-coated substratum, responded to a soluble recombinant L1-Fc chimera by extending longer neurites than controls [19].
• Sympathetic growth cones in serum-free medium on polylysine substrate displayed extensive motility and protrusive activity and often had large lamellipodia [20].
• Analysis by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that a full complement of surface glycoproteins was present on the membranes isolated with polylysine beads [21].
• Isolation of human platelet plasma membranes with polylysine beads [21].

Associations of lysine with other chemical compounds

• New Zealand White rabbits immunized with covalent conjugates prepared from polylysine and the O-carboxy-methyloxime derivatives of either aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or an analogue, 5,7-dimethoxycyclopentenon (2,3-c) coumarin, produced antibodies that bind 3H-AFB1 [22].
• Immunocytochemistry using a mAb to phosphorylated tyrosine residues revealed intense staining of the tips of most filopodia of Aplysia axons growing slowly on a polylysine substrate, but of few filopodia of axons growing rapidly on a substrate coated with Aplysia hemolymph, which has growth-promoting material [23].
• The most efficient compound identified, polyarginine (pArg), enhanced peptide delivery by more than 2 logs as compared with cells treated with peptide alone, whereas polylysine (pLys) treatment resulted in approximately 10-fold increased levels of fluorescence [24].
• Whereas peptide uptake mediated by pLys appears to be due to an at least transient permeabilization of cell membranes, peptide delivery in the presence of pArg may rely on endocytic processes [24].
• Stimulation of phosphorylation of lipocortin at threonine residues by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF receptor: addition of protein kinase P with polylysine inhibits this effect [25].
• It is shown that conformational changes could bring Y335 to the target methyl lysine (lysine) for proton abstraction [26].

Gene context of lysine

• Here we examined the requirement of the C2A polylysine motif for Syt 1 interaction with the cardiac Cav1.2 (L-type) and the neuronal Cav2.3 (R-type) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, two channels required for neurotransmission [27].
• GRK5 can also be activated by polycations, with 10 microM polylysine promoting an approximately 2.6-fold activation [28].
• The carboxy terminus of p53 mimics the polylysine effect of protein kinase CK2-catalyzed MDM2 phosphorylation [29].
• The coupling of DNA to transferrin via a polycation such as polylysine or via cationic liposomes can target and transfer of the extrogenous DNA particularly into proliferating cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis [30].
• Phosphopeptide mapping demonstrated that EGFR-13 and polylysine increased phosphorylation of Galpha(s) by the EGFR on the same additional sites [31].
• We report that the euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase G9a/KMT1C mediates H1.4K26 mono- and dimethylation in vitro and in vivo and thereby provides a recognition surface for the chromatin-binding proteins HP1 and L3MBTL1 [32].
• Kinetic analysis of PTMs of endogenous RIP140 in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells demonstrates sequential modifications on RIP140, initiated from constitutive lysine methylation, followed by increased arginine methylation later in differentiation [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of lysine

• Adhesion of cells to surfaces coated with polylysine. Applications to electron microscopy [34].
• Wheat germ agglutinin- and polylysine-induced cross-linking of glycophorin at the extracellular surface caused 80-95% immobilization of the transmembrane proteins, without affecting the fractional mobility of the lipid probe [35].
• Second, the technique of freeze-drying molecules on mica (Heuser, J. E., 1983, J. Mol. Biol., 169:155-195) was modified to overcome the low affinity of mica in 2 mM MES, by pretreating the mica with polylysine [36].
• We tested this effect by releasing neurite attachment to a polylysine-coated surface with polyaspartate, thus shifting external compressive support onto internal elements, and measuring the relative change in MT polymerization using quantitative Western blotting [37].
• In addition, there is a strong molecular weight dependence in that the small polylysine (Mr 3 x 10(3)) possesses less than 1/20th the cytotoxicity of large polymers (Mr 70 x 10(3)) on a weight basis in both cell culture and animal studies [38].

References