Disease relevance of Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• Asialo GM1, as a cell-surface marker in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [1].
• Depletion of the NK cells in vivo with antiserum to asialo GM1 rendered both SCID and CB17 control mice much more sensitive to MCMV infection, as shown by titers of virus in organs and by survival curves [2].
• Depletion of either CD8+ lymphocytes or asialo GM1+ cells that remained in the mice after CD4+ cell depletion had no effect on the ability of the mice to resolve PCP after E. coli aerosol treatments [3].
• These results suggest that an increased number of hepatic asialo GM1-positive cells after administration of OK432 plays an important role in protecting against metastasis of colon carcinoma in the liver [4].
• Monoclonal IgM antibodies to GM1 and asialo-GM1 in chronic neuropathies cross-react with Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides [5].

Psychiatry related information on Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• Thy 1+ asialo GM1+ dendritic epidermal cells in skin defense mechanisms of vaccinia virus-infected mice [6].

High impact information on Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• Antibody to asialo-Gm1 and other antigens on sperm react with and impair lymphoid cells [7].
• Together, the data suggest that in class I-deficient mice vaccinated against T. gondii, the absence of CD8+ effector cells is compensated for by the emergence of a population of NK1.1+ and asialo GM1+ cells which lack cytolytic activity, and that the protective action of these cells against the parasite is attributable to IFN-gamma production [8].
• Vaccinated beta 2m-deficient mice, but not control heterozygotes, showed a five- to six-fold expansion in spleen cell number and approximately 40% of the splenocytes were found to express the NK markers NK1.1 and asialo GM1 [8].
• Thus, resolution of PCP in CD4+ lymphocyte-depleted mice by heat-treated E. coli aerosols was not dependent on either CD8+ or asialo GM1+ cells but was dependent on Thy-1+CD4-CD8- lymphocytes and on the participation of TNF [3].
• The antitumor action of IL-1/IL-2 treatment was abolished or markedly reduced in mice treated with antibodies to CD4 or CD8 antigens, whereas antibodies to asialo-GM1 were ineffective [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• Role of asialo-GM1 positive liver cells from athymic nude or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-treated mice in suppressing colon-derived experimental hepatic metastasis [10].
• Murine myelogenous leukemias were found to contain globo- and ganglio-series neutral glycolipids, e.g., glucosylceramide (Glc-cer), lactosylceramide (Lac-cer), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), globoside (Gb4), Forssman glycolipid (Gb5), and asialo-GM1 (GA1) [11].
• Pili and lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bind to the glycolipid asialo GM1 [12].
• Ovine GM1 gangliosidosis, an inherited disease of sheep with deficiencies of beta-galactosidase and alpha-neuraminidase, storage of GM1 ganglioside, asialo-GM1 and neutral long chain oligosaccharides in the brain, autosomal recessive inheritance, and histopathologic lesions typical of lysosomal storage diseases, has been described recently [13].
• We describe a 52-year-old man who had an acute-onset purely motor neuropathy fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for the Guillain-Barré syndrome, in whom virtually complete spontaneous recovery occurred by 1 year, and in whom high titres of polyclonal serum antibody to GM1, GD1b, asialo-GM1 and lacto-N-tetraose were detected [14].

Biological context of Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• The phenotype of the cell population capable of mediating resistance to MCMV was that of a nylon wool-nonadherent, asialo GM1+, NK 1.2+, Ly-5+, Thy-1-, Ia-, low density lymphocyte; this is the phenotype of an NK cell [15].
• These lymphocytes are characterized by being G-10 nonadherent, nylon wool adherent, sIg+, FcR+, Thy 1.2-, asialo GM1-, and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes of both chromosomes are rearranged [16].
• Similar to the cells induced in vivo by IL-2, the precursors of the cells mediating ADCC were asialo GM1+ whereas the effectors were mainly nonadherent, Thy-1+ cells [17].
• Antibody directed to the neutral glycolipid "asialo GM1" was found to react with the majority of thymus lymphoid cells lacking characteristic T cell markers in mice at an early embryonic stage (13 days of gestation) [18].
• Because this antibody to asialo GM1 does not impair other detectable immunologic mechanisms, these data support the hypothesis that NK cells act as a natural resistance mechanism to a number of virus infections, but suggest that their relative importance may vary from virus to virus [19].

Anatomical context of Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• Cell surface marker analysis reveals that NK cell lines are Thy 1.2+, Lt-1-2-, T200+, asialo GM1+, and asialo GM2+ [20].
• Characterization of effectors indicated that the killing was not related to Lyt-1+ or Lyt-2+ cells (T cells) but was associated with cells bearing NK markers (asialo GM1, NK-1.2+, and NK-2.1+) [21].
• Such characteristic cytotoxic spectra, as well as serological phenotypes (Thy-1+, Lyt-1-2-, asialo GM1-positive, T200+, TdT-, Fc receptor-positive) indicated that these LGL clones exactly represent endogenous NK cells, rather than a variety of anomalous killer cells generated in various culture conditions [22].
• We report here that spleens from SCID mice have undergone phenotypic expansion of cells bearing the NK-2 and asialo GM1 markers (70-80%) characteristic of NK cells and this expansion is accompanied by a 3-4-fold enrichment in NK cytolytic activity over their normal C.B-17 littermates [23].
• Thy-1+ cells also lacked differentiation antigens of most other types of leukocytes, except they were rich in asialo GM1 [24].

Associations of Asialo GM1 ganglioside with other chemical compounds

• In addition, depletion of natural killer cell activity via injections of asialo-GM1 antiserum does not prevent the antitumor effects of linomide in vivo [25].
• Analysis of the LAK effector phenotype by cell sorting demonstrated that the majority of cells with LAK activity were OX8+, asialo-GM1+, laminin+, OX6+, OX19-, R1-3B3-, W3/25-, and SIg-. Furthermore, treatment of LAK cells with L-leucine methyl ester also significantly reduced their cytolytic activity [26].
• The molecular weights of the oligosaccharide and ceramide released from asialo GM1, incubated either in normal H2O or H2(18)O with the enzyme, were compared by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry [27].
• It was inactive toward GM1 ganglioside, asialo-GM1 ganglioside, desialylated fetuin, and desialylated transferrin [28].
• In contrast to ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV, this enzyme exhibited restricted substrate specificity, i.e. it utilized Galbeta1,4GlcNAc on glycoproteins, and neolactotetraosylceramide and neolactohexaosylceramide, but not lactotetraosylceramide, lactosylceramide, or asialo-GM1 [29].

Gene context of Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• In vitro, both asialo-GM1+ and asialo-GM1- nude mouse splenocytes produced IFN-gamma in response to IL-2 [30].
• Depletion of asialo-GM1+ cells exacerbated infection, though not as much as anti-IFN-gamma mAb [30].
• The precursor activated by IL-4 expresses surface asialo-GM1 [31].
• Depletion of cells expressing asialo-GM1 does not diminish IL-4 production in response to PB immunoglobulins, indicating that natural killer cells are not essential for non-B, non-T cell production of IL-4 [32].
• Here, we report that neutralization of natural killer (NK) cell function with antibodies to either asialo GM1 or NK 1.1 reversed IL-12 inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis in athymic mice [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Asialo GM1 ganglioside

• This reactivity of anti-GM1, studied by immunofluorescence, is independent of Thy-1 type and appears to be related to the reactivity of cross-reacting antibodies to asialo GM1 and GD1b, rather than GM1 itself [34].
• Asialo GM1(+) CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection [35].
• Recipient mice received either no pretreatment (control group) or pretreatment with 3 Gy total-body irradiation and anti-asialo GM1 sera (ASGM1; pretreated group) before implantation [36].
• Splenomegaly was also observed in the pretreated TBM on day 3, and the proliferating cells were identified as asialo GM1+ cells by flow cytometry [37].
• Direct evidence that the asialo-GM1-positive high-density large granular lymphocytes are precursors of the low-density large granular lymphocytes was given by adoptive transfer experiments with fluorescent-labeled high-density cells [38].

References