Disease relevance of penicillic acid

• We have found that penicillic acid (PCA) inhibits FasL-induced apoptosis and concomitant loss of cell viability in Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells [1].
• Acute toxicity of penicillic acid and its interaction with pentobarbital and other compounds [2].
• Inactivation of GDP-mannose dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by penicillic acid identifies a critical active site loop [3].
• The detoxification of penicillic acid by reaction with ammonia was examined by means of a polymerase assay using two strains of Escherichia coli (pol A+ and pol A-1) and a recombination assay using two strains of Bacillus subtilis (rec+ and rec-) [4].

High impact information on penicillic acid

• Six Penicillium toxins (citrinin, penicillic acid, patulin, (-)-luteoskyrin, (+)-rugulosin, and PR-toxin), 5 Aspergillus toxins (aflatoxins B1 and G1, sterigmatocystin, O-acetylsterigmatocystin, and O-acetyldihydrosterigmatocystin), and 2 Fusarium toxins (zearalenone and zearalenol-b) were positive [5].
• The mycotoxin penicillic acid inhibits Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by blocking self-processing of caspase-8 in death-inducing signaling complex [1].
• 6-Methyl-1,2,4-benzenetriol, a new intermediate in penicillic acid biosynthesis in Penicillium cyclopium [6].
• Accordingly, when the bacteria were treated with either patulin or penicillic acid, the neutrophils became activated [7].
• The pharmacokinetics of penicillic acid (PA), a carcinogenic mycotoxin, was investigated in male mice [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of penicillic acid

• Acute toxicity of patulin and its interaction with penicillic acid in dogs [9].
• Toxicity of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid to chicks [10].

Biological context of penicillic acid

• Pharmacokinetics of the mycotoxin penicillic acid in male mice: absorption, distribution, excretion, and kinetics [8].
• Thus phagocytosis was more sensitive to the toxic effects of penicillic acid than any other cellular process studied [11].
• The effects of penicillic acid on membrane integrity were studied by measuring cell volume changes and 51Cr release [11].
• The production of penicillic acid by Aspergillus sclerotiorum CGF for the biocontrol of Phytophthora disease was investigated in submerged fermentation using media composed of different nutrients [12].

Anatomical context of penicillic acid

• The cytotoxicity of penicillic acid was studied in rat alveolar macrophages (AM) in vitro [11].
• The metabolism of penicillic acid (PA), a carcinogenic mycotoxin, was studied in vitro using subcellular fractions of mouse-liver homogenates [13].
• The only significant effects were a slight reduction in the size of the proventriculus and gizzard at dose levels of 200 and 400 microgram/g. Neither the salt nor lactone forms of penicillic acid had any detectable effect [14].
• Penicillic acid action on erythrocytes [15].
• In contrast, penicillic acid is twice more toxic to CHO cells than to AWRF cells [16].

Associations of penicillic acid with other chemical compounds

• The method involves liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of the analytes, and allows the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A, mycophenolic acid, penicillic acid and roquefortine C simultaneously [17].
• The minimum inhibitory dose of walleminol A in the bioassays is approximately 50 micrograms/ml, which is comparable with a number of mycotoxins such as citrinin and penicillic acid [18].
• The toxigenic fungi produced the following mycotoxins: Aspergillus fumigatus, kojic acid; A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; Penicillium roqueforti, penicillic acid and unidentified toxic metabolites [19].
• The most consistently produced mycotoxins were penicillic acid (from A. ochraceus and Penicillium spp.) and Alternaria toxins (tenuazonic acid and alternariol) [20].

Gene context of penicillic acid

• Studies in vivo demonstrated a penicillic acid-dependent inhibition of pancreatic carboxypeptidase A activity in the mouse and the chicken following multiple oral exposure [21].
• Gliotoxin had a stronger inhibitory effect (EC50 0.38 microM) than did penicillic acid (EC50 343.19 microM) [22].
• Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part 12. Contamination with ochratoxin A and penicillic acid as indicator of improper storage of cereal grain [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of penicillic acid

• Determination of penicillic acid and patulin by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron-capture detector [24].
• There was a significant decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cell cultures exposed to 1.0 mM penicillic acid for 4 hr [11].

References