Disease relevance of Proventriculus

• Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A each significantly decreased body weight, serum protein, albumin, and cholesterol and increased the relative weight of the liver, kidney, and proventriculus [1].
• Lesions in the proventriculus were focal cuboidal metaplasia of glandular epithelial cells and deposition of amyloid in the perivascular interstitial tissues at the base of the glands [2].

Psychiatry related information on Proventriculus

• 1. The effect of 96 hrs of water deprivation on plasma electrolytes, osmolarity, arginine vasotocin (AVT), mesotocin (MT), and on AVT and MT content in the neurohypophysis, anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) and proventriculus, was studied at 24 hrs intervals, in adult White Leghorn cockerels [3].

High impact information on Proventriculus

• The Wg signal regulates dve expression during proventriculus development [4].
• In dve mutants, two distinct parts of the midgut, the proventriculus and middle midgut, are abnormally organized [4].
• Both assays reveal that hsp26 is expressed in numerous tissues during development including spermatocytes, nurse cells, epithelium, imaginal discs, proventriculus and neurocytes [5].
• These results suggest that Delta1-mediated Notch signaling among endodermal cells functions as a binary switch for determination of glandular and luminal fates, and regulates patterned differentiation of glands in the chicken proventriculus [6].
• During development of the chicken proventriculus (glandular stomach), gut endoderm differentiates into glandular and luminal epithelium [6].

Biological context of Proventriculus

• We provide evidence for an essential role of the Notch signalling pathway during morphogenetic cell movements required for the formation of the foregut-associated proventriculus organ in the Drosophila embryo [7].
• We first studied ghrelin gene expression and production in the neonatal chick proventriculus and then investigated the effect of exogenous octanoic acid (OA) administration on acylated ghrelin production [8].

Anatomical context of Proventriculus

• For this we produced constructs containing various portions of the 5'-flanking region of the embryonic chick pepsinogen gene, driving reporter sequences (beta-galactocidase or luciferase), and these constructs were transfected into dissociated epithelial cells either from the proventriculus or gizzard [9].
• Bmp4 is not expressed in the developing gizzard but is expressed in the rest of the gut including the adjacent proventriculus and midgut [10].
• Expression of Drosophila SPP was first apparent at germ band extension, and in late embryos it was robust in the salivary glands, proventriculus, and tracheae [11].
• Functional characterization of neural and smooth muscle motilin receptors in the chicken proventriculus and ileum [12].
• These results clearly demonstrate that ghrelin-producing cells exist in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, especially in the proventriculus, from hatching to adult stages of development, as well as in mammals [13].

Associations of Proventriculus with chemical compounds

• The 5-HT fibers, located in the proventriculus and midgut, were visualized immunocytochemically by using a monoclonal antibody against 5-HT [14].
• This effect is specific to 5-HT fibers, since glutamate-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactive fibers of the proventriculus and midgut remain unaffected in the mutant [14].
• When the probiotic strain was dosed by oral gavage together with S. enteritidis C-114 directly into the proventriculus in 1-day-old Leghorn chickens, the pathogen was completely removed from the birds after 21 days [15].
• The ethanol was rapidly absorbed into blood and decreased responding within 15 min after intubation to the opening of the proventriculus [16].
• These results indicate that NO synthase inhibition potentiates the contractile response of ch-MT, EFS and DMPP in the chicken proventriculus through reduction of endogenous NO-mediated presynaptic inhibition on neural ACh release [17].

Gene context of Proventriculus

• To provide basic data to analyze function of FGFs in the developing gut, here we cloned Fgf7 and studied expression patterns of Fgf7, Fgf10 and Fgfr1-4 during the development of chicken stomach (glandular stomach; proventriculus and muscular stomach; gizzard) [18].
• Embryonic chicken pepsinogen is an aspartyl proteinase that is specifically secreted during the embryonic period in the chicken proventriculus (glandular stomach) [19].
• The result of in situ hybridization with the proventriculus (glandular stomach) of different developmental stages showed that GK-19 expression disappeared specifically in the glandular epithelium from day 6 to day 9 of incubation [20].
• We demonstrate that the activation of the Notch receptor occurs in two rows of boundary cells in the proventriculus primordium [7].
• Investigations on the interactions between LP and proteoglycans from skin and proventriculus demonstrate that LP can enhance the binding of proteoglycans from these tissues to HA [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Proventriculus

• The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated immunocytochemically, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin and semithin sections for light microscopy, and immunogold staining in osmium-fixed material for electron microscopy [22].
• The topographical distribution of the enteric ganglia has been investigated in the proventriculus of the duck using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) immunohistochemistry [23].
• 4. Vagotomy at the level of the proventriculus prevented the inhibitory effects of glucose infusion into the duodenum, except at the highest concentration (120 g/l) [24].
• Peripheral intravenous infusion of physiological levels of neurotensin inhibited pepsin output from the proventriculus, but had no effect on the volume or pH of gastric secretions [25].

References