Disease relevance of phenylurea

• Degradation of substituted phenylurea herbicides by Arthrobacter globiformis strain D47 and characterization of a plasmid-associated hydrolase gene, puhA [1].
• Isolation from agricultural soil and characterization of a Sphingomonas sp. able to mineralize the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon [2].
• The cDNAs from a hybridoma (mAb 481.1) specific for diuron, a widely used phenylurea herbicide, were cloned into the phage display vector pComb8 [3].
• Influence of UV irradiation on the toxicity of phenylurea herbicides using Microtox test [4].
• Recovery of Nostoc muscorum previously exposed to some triazine and phenylurea herbicides [5].

High impact information on phenylurea

• In vitro enzyme assays showed that the gene product of one heterologously expressed P450 cDNA (CYP71A10) specifically catalyzed the metabolism of phenylurea herbicides, converting four herbicides of this class (fluometuron, linuron, chlortoluron, and diuron) into more polar compounds [6].
• A phenylurea series of chemical inhibitors of XIAP was recently generated by our laboratories (Schimmer, A. D., Welsh, K., Pinilla, C., Bonneau, M., Wang, Z., Pedersen, I. M., Scott, F. L., Glinsky, G. V., Scudiero, D. A., Sausville, E., Salvesen, G., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J. M., Houghten, R. A., and Reed, J. C. (2004) Cancer Cell 5, 25-35) [7].
• Phenylurea-based XIAP antagonists induced apoptosis (defined by annexin V staining) prior to mitochondrial membrane depolarization, in contrast to cytotoxic anticancer drugs [7].
• Apoptosis induced by active phenylurea-based compounds was blocked by chemical inhibitors of caspases, with inhibitors of downstream effector caspases displaying more effective suppression than inhibitors of upstream initiator caspases [7].
• The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) xenobiotic inducible cytochrome P450, CYP76B1, catalyzes rapid oxidative dealkylation of various phenylurea herbicides to yield nonphytotoxic metabolites [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of phenylurea

• In order to assess the influence of the aromatic substitution on the ability of a soil bacterial strain, Arthrobacter sp. N2, to degrade phenylurea herbicides, biotransformation assays were performed in mineral medium with resting cells of this soil bacterial strain on three phenylurea herbicides (diuron, chlorotoluron and isoproturon) [9].
• It was shown that microorganisms, belonging to Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter genera are capable to perform the hydrolytic cleavage of the phenylurea bridge of teflubenzuron in different positions, especially active was Bacillus brevis 625 [10].

Biological context of phenylurea

• In the molecular structure of the hA(3) receptor, two residues, Ser243 (TM6) and Ser271 (TM7), create a hydrophilic region, which seems to permit a better accommodation of the phenylurea series into this putative hA(3) binding site than the phenylacetyl series [11].
• Effect of phenylurea herbicides on soil microbial communities estimated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and community-level physiological profiles [12].
• The present study focuses on kinetics and mechanistic aspects of the transformation of phenylurea herbicides induced by well-defined excited triplet states, which have been chosen to model DOM triplet states having oxidative character [13].
• The imprinting effect of the originated specific binding sites for the selective recognition of phenylurea herbicides was clearly demonstrated [14].
• During method development of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods 526 (for unstable semivolatile compounds) and 532 (for phenylurea pesticides), a number of studies were conducted to identify compatible microbial inhibitors [15].

Anatomical context of phenylurea

• When applied to tumor cell lines in culture, active phenylurea-based compounds induced apoptosis in a rapid, concentration-dependent manner, associated with activation of cellular caspases [7].
• Different rate and entity of interaction occurred between model membranes and solid phenylurea herbicides [16].

Associations of phenylurea with other chemical compounds

• A small library of triazine and phenylurea compounds has been synthesized which have tail-like substituents in order to test the effects of charge, hydrophobicity and size of the tail on binding properties [17].
• A new anthracene derivative bearing two phenylurea group at the 1,8-position of anthracene shows a selective fluorescence quenching effect with fluoride ion via a PET mechanism [18].
• A HPLC method, using photochemically-induced fluorescence detection, is described for the separation and determination of four phenylurea herbicides including diuron, isoproturon, linuron and neburon [19].
• Frentizole, an immunosuppressive phenylurea agent, used in a dosage of 4 mg/kg per day, was found to produce quick elevation of platelet counts in three thrombocytopenic patients [20].
• Analysis of carbamate and phenylurea pesticide residues in fruit juices by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [21].

Gene context of phenylurea

• Induction of antioxidant enzyme activities by a phenylurea derivative, EDU [22].
• The potency of 3,4-DCAc androgen receptor binding was compared with that of several phenylurea compounds [23].
• The inhibitory efficiency of the phenylurea series on wheat and spinach pieces led to the conclusion that some extrachloroplastic factors seemed to limit the accessibility of the D1-protein target [24].
• Effect of intramonolayer hydrogen bonding of carboxyl groups in self-assembled monolayers on a single force with phenylurea on an AFM probe tip [25].
• The individual hydrogen-bonding force between the phenylurea-modified tip and the binary mixed SAMs with various fractions of MHA was evaluated by repetitive force measurements and their statistical analyses by an autocorrelation method [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of phenylurea

• Pulse radiolysis experiments allowed limitation of the reduction potential of phenylurea(.+) within 2.22 V versus the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)< E degrees (phenylurea(.+)/phenylurea)<2.43 V versus NHE [26].
• Metabolism of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. strain SRS2 was significantly enhanced when the strain was grown in coculture with a soil bacterium (designated strain SRS1) [27].
• Mixed immunosorbent for selective on-line trace enrichment and liquid chromatography of phenylurea herbicides in environmental waters [28].
• High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separations of eighteen phenylurea pesticides were investigated using both reversed-phase and normal-phase systems [29].
• New strategies for the determination of phenylurea pesticides by gas chromatography with hot splitless inlet systems [30].

References