Disease relevance of AR

• This study is the first to investigate the association between the AR CAG repeat polymorphism and the relative risk of prostate cancer in the Brazilian population [1].

High impact information on AR

• Molecular cloning and transformation of cyclodiene resistance in Drosophila: an invertebrate gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor locus [2].
• Endogenous phosphorylation of distinct gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor polypeptides by Ser/Thr and Tyr kinase activities associated with the purified receptor [3].
• In spite of the decrease in type C receptor number and no significant change in type A receptor (i.e. particulate guanylate cyclase) levels, cGMP response of the NaCl-treated cells to ANP was greatly exaggerated; this sensitization was also observed in membrane preparations [4].
• Androgen receptor mRNA levels also were increased (1.5-times control levels, P < 0.02) in cultures treated with 0.001 nM trenbolone but not by treatment with higher concentrations of trenbolone [5].
• Androgen receptor has been detected in A549 cells; however, the capacity of these cells for androgen synthesis and metabolism has not been investigated at molecular level [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of AR

• These results provide new evidence on antagonistic/agonistic responses of prostate cancer cells to antiandrogen drugs that are widely used in therapy and show that flutamide can elicit responses in prostate cancer cells that do not express AR [7].

Biological context of AR

• PDTCs suppression of AR synthesis and nuclear NF-kappaB in response to T may contribute to its enhancement of apoptosis observed with T and PDTC compared to PDTC alone [8].
• The androgen receptor (AR) from calf uterine cytosol has been studied in terms of steroid-binding affinity, hormone dissociation kinetics, and DNA-cellulose-binding capacity [9].
• Administration of prostaglandin f(2 alpha) during the early bovine luteal phase does not alter the expression of ET-1 and of its type A receptor: a possible cause for corpus luteum refractoriness [10].
• Androgen receptor mRNA was quantified in 200-ng total RNA preparations using an internally standardized reverse transcription (RT) PCR assay [11].
• In order to establish a functional relationship between the mitochondrial enzyme and the androgen receptor, the effects of testosterone were compared to those of classical respiratory chain inhibitors, using adult schistosome and beef heart submitochondrial particles [12].

Anatomical context of AR

• The gastrointestinal tract as target of steroid hormone action: quantification of steroid receptor mRNA expression (AR, ERalpha, ERbeta and PR) in 10 bovine gastrointestinal tract compartments by kinetic RT-PCR [13].
• In immunocytochemistry experiments with the human AR, concentrations as low as 1 pM significantly induced androgen-dependent translocation of the AR into the cell nucleus [14].
• In types 3-5 follicles, AR mRNA expression was present in granulosa cells of 100% of follicles examined (n = 4, 4, and 4, respectively) and was greater than type 1 follicles (P = 0.002) [15].
• The presence of free androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) was demonstrated in bovine skeletal muscle [16].
• We have found that AR antagonists and inhibitors of fetal testis hormone production generally induce cumulative, apparently dose-additive adverse effects when administered in mixtures [17].

Associations of AR with chemical compounds

• Dissociation studies with methyltrienolone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone revealed that the AR can exist in two affinity states which differ 13- to 30-fold in their affinity for the steroid [9].
• AR and PR seem to be not estrogen dependent [13].
• Cells from AR tumors cultured in the presence of DHT formed confluent pavements, whereas cells maintained in the absence of DHT and cells from AI tumors formed clusters or cords of cells [18].
• This form of AR has an intrinsic binding affinity for DNA and was eluted from DNA-cellulose with 9 mM MgCl2 [19].
• The major site of photoaffinity labeling of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor by [3H]flunitrazepam is histidine 102 of the alpha subunit [20].

Other interactions of AR

• Expression results indicate the existence of AR and both ER subtypes in all 10 gastrointestinal compartments [13].
• Using a ribonuclease protection assay, AR expression was detected in total RNA from bovine ovarian cortex [15].
• A dose-dependent relationship between increasing MGA concentration and mRNA expression was observed in liver for AR and IGF-1 receptor, and in neck muscularity for IGF-1 [21].
• However, the specific androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide did not block E2 or T effects on CYP19A1 but did block T and DHT stimulation of FSHR [22].
• Bovine uterine, cervical and ovarian androgen receptor concentrations. Correlation with estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AR

• We describe a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the quantification of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA in tissues [24].
• Expression (absence or presence) of AR mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in bovine ovarian cortex [15].
• The androgen receptor has been purified from steer seminal vesicle cytosol by a combination of differential DNA-Sepharose 4B chromatography and testosterone 17 beta-hemisuccinyl-3,3'-diaminodipropylamine-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography [25].
• In a radioreceptor assay with calf uterus cytosol as androgen receptor preparation, the specific binding of [3H]DHT, the endogenous ligand, was completely displaceable by increasing concentrations of 3,4-DCAc [26].
• Effects of muscle type, castration, age, and compensatory growth rate on androgen receptor mRNA expression in bovine skeletal muscle [11].

References