Disease relevance of Nails

• Prediagnostic toenail cadmium and zinc and subsequent prostate cancer risk [1].
• An inverse association between toenail selenium and bladder cancer risk was most pronounced among ex-smokers (P-trend < 0.01); was similar for subjects with high versus low intakes of beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E; and was mainly confined to invasive transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder, irrespective of tumor morphology [2].
• CONCLUSION: Results of this study support the efficacy and safety of fluconazole in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail [3].
• We conclude that terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole in the treatment of toenail tinea infection [4].
• Lithium-induced psoriasis of the fingernails [5].

High impact information on Nails

• Ingrowing toenails and cyclosporin [6].
• Letter: Adriamycin and longitudinal pigmented banding of fingernails [7].
• Ingrown toenail and indinavir: case-control study demonstrates strong relationship [8].
• Lithium carbonate and toenails [9].
• Therefore, 12 males were fed high-dose (4.91 mumol Se/d), medium-dose (2.61 mumol Se/d), or control (0.41 mumol Se/d) whole-wheat-bread for 1 y and the concentration of selenium was measured in toenail clippings collected every 12 wk for 2 y [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Nails

• Intermittent terbinafine for toenail onychomycosis: is it effective? Results of a randomized pilot trial [11].
• A double-blind, randomized comparison of itraconazole capsules and placebo in the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenail [12].
• In a second study, 36 patients with toenail onychomycosis received either fluconazole 150 mg once weekly or griseofulvin 1000 mg once daily for 12 months [13].
• The success rates for onychomycosis of the toenails were: TER 78.3%, KET 40.8%, and GRI 17.5% [14].
• Ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis [15].

Biological context of Nails

• Identification of N-acetyltransferase 2 and CYP2C19 genotypes for hair, buccal cell swabs, or fingernails compared with blood [16].
• CONCLUSIONS: Mutation in the 1A domain of keratin 17 underlies the affected members' phenotype, PC-2 with early onset sebaceous cysts and late-onset thickened fingernails and toenails [17].
• Inhalation of nail dust from onychomycotic toenails. Part I. Characterization of particles. 1984 [18].
• Wedge Resection and Phenol Ablation for ingrown toenails can be carried out safely and successfully in general practice and is recommended as the surgical treatment of choice [19].
• The efficacy and safety of an intermittent itraconazole dosing regimen was investigated in 354 patients with toenail onychomycosis, from 98 dermatology centres [20].

Anatomical context of Nails

• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of adipose tissue alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and toenail selenium and their determinants [21].
• She had microcephaly (head circumference at the second centile; weight and height were at 25th centile), short palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, sparse eyelashes, large ears, partial anodontia, short finger and toenails, and dry skin [22].

Associations of Nails with chemical compounds

• In the analysis of covariance the best predictors of toenail selenium concentration were selenium intake from supplements and food, and among supplement users dietary beta-carotene also [23].
• Oral terbinafine treatment for superficial fungal infections of toe and fingernails is associated with a low incidence (1:45000) of hepatobiliary dysfunction [24].
• Phenol cauterization for ingrowing toenails: a review of five years' experience [25].
• Use of toenail fluoride levels as an indicator for the risk of hip and forearm fractures in women [26].
• Furnace atomic absorption and flame atomic absorption were used to determine toenail cadmium and zinc concentrations, respectively [1].

Gene context of Nails

• Zimmermann-Laband syndrome (ZLS) is characterised by findings of coarse facial appearance, hepatosplenomegaly, and hirsutism often first observed in infancy, followed by the evolution during childhood of gingival fibromatosis, small joint hyperextensibility, and hypoplasia of the finger- and toenails [27].
• Symmetrically thickened fingernails and toenails are the defining characteristic of PC type 2 (PC-2) with onset at infancy [17].
• Therefore, it seems that GSTT1 modifies the relationship between As(in) exposure and toenail As(in) content [28].
• Healthy Japanese volunteers provided hairs (n = 50), buccal cell swabs (n = 50), and fingernails (n = 30) for N-acetyltransferase 2 and CYP2C19 genotyping [16].
• Median toenail Se was lower for HCC cases than controls (p = 0.03) [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nails

• For this reason, a randomized, double-blind study in 195 patients with severe dermatophyte infections of the toenails was performed comparing a 24-week treatment with terbinafine (250 mg/d) with a 48-week treatment with micronized griseofulvin (1000 mg/d) [30].
• METHODS: In a multicentre trial, patients suffering from insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) or non- insulin-dependent DM (NIDDM) with toenail onychomycosis were treated for 12 weeks with oral terbinafine 250 mg daily and followed up to 48 weeks [31].
• Measurable fluconazole concentrations were still present in toenails at 6 months after treatment in most subjects [32].
• OBJECTIVE: This study examined the cost-effectiveness of terbinafine and itraconazole in two recent comparative clinical trials of these new agents for onychomycosis of the toenails [33].
• In a double-blind controlled study, superficial radiotherapy (SRT) was given to psoriatic fingernails as three fractionated doses of 150 cGy (90 kV, 5 mA, 1.00 mm aluminium filter) [34].

References