Disease relevance of Nocardia

• Four of the nine patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and nocardia or streptomyces infections whose cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control also had mycobacterial disease [1].
• Among 28 immunomodulators and other agents thus far tested, only beta-1,3-glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Propionibacterium acnes, zymosan A, and Nocardia cell wall skeleton were found to cause induction [2].
• The antimetastatic activity of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) with or without cyclophosphamide was examined in an experimental model of pulmonary metastasis induced by Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice [3].
• Isolation of vitamin K2(35) from Nocardia restrictus and Corynebacterium simplex. A natural electron acceptor in microbial steroid ring A dehydrogenations [4].
• From March 1994, 50 heart transplant patients were given TMP/SMX prophylaxis at our institution (1 double-strength tablet, 160/800 mg, every 12 hours on Saturdays and Sundays), and no new cases of PCP, Listeria or Nocardia have been detected since then [5].

High impact information on Nocardia

• Minocycline hydrochloride was used to treat pulmonary infections with Nocardia asteroides in five cardiac allograft recipients [6].
• These LP-activated blasts can be restimulated by the homologous LP and by Nocardia mitogen and mitogens of fetal calf serum, but not by LPS [7].
• Genes for a beta-lactamase, a penicillin-binding protein and a transmembrane protein are clustered with the cephamycin biosynthetic genes in Nocardia lactamdurans [8].
• The protein sequence of the Nocardia sp NAD(P)-dependent cholesterol dehydrogenase responsible for the conversion of cholesterol to its 3-keto derivative shows 30% similarity to a 329-aa Saccharomyces ORF, YGL001c, suggesting a possible role of YGL001c in sterol decarboxylation [9].
• The type species, Nocardia asteroides, and N. brasiliensis, N. farcinica, N. otitidiscaviarum, N. nova, and N. transvalensis cause a variety of diseases in both normal and immunocompromised humans and animals [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Nocardia

• Immune stimulation by methanol-extracted residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin or cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra did not affect mammary carcinoma incidence when administered either alone or in combination with RA and/or HI [11].
• The response to anti-allotype (anti-Ab4), Nocardia Water Soluble Mitogen (NWSM), pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (SSS III), and human Fc fragments of various purified and unfractionated rabbit spleen cell populations was determined in terms of 3H-thymidine up-take [12].
• A new enzyme capable of hydrolyzing chitobiose, which is an induced enzyme, was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture filtrate of Nocardia orientalis IFO 12806 [13].
• Virus release can also be efficiently stimulated by other naturally occurring B cell mitogens, including Nocardia water soluble mitogen, and PPD [14].
• Recombinant hIntL revealed affinities to d-pentoses and a d-galactofuranosyl residue in the presence of Ca(2+), and recognized the bacterial arabinogalactan of Nocardia containing d-galactofuranosyl residues [15].

Biological context of Nocardia

• The introduction of rpoB2 by using a newly developed Nocardia-Escherichia coli shuttle plasmid vector and transformation system conferred RIF resistance to Nocardia asteroides IFM 0319(T), which has neither RIF resistance nor rpoB duplication [16].
• Beta-lactam resistance in Nocardia brasiliensis is mediated by beta-lactamase and reversed in the presence of clavulanic acid [17].
• Southern analysis indicated that rpoB duplication is widespread in Nocardia species and is correlated with the RIF-resistant phenotype [16].
• Biochemical-genetic analysis and distribution of FAR-1, a class A beta-lactamase from Nocardia farcinica [18].
• Biotransformation of quinovic acid glycosides by microbes: direct conversion of the ursane to the oleanane triterpene skeleton by Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646 [19].

Anatomical context of Nocardia

• Murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils produce interferon-gamma in response to pulmonary infection with Nocardia asteroides [20].
• In addition, we studied the ability of normal human spleen cells to synthesize polyclonal immunoglobulin when cultured with either the T-cell dependent PWM or T-cell independent mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Nocardia [21].
• The lyophilized, squalene-treated Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) was confirmed to produce tumoricidal peritoneal macrophages resulting in inhibition of tumor growth when injected locally into the syngeneic ascites fibrosarcoma, AMC 60 in ACI/N rats [22].
• Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and lymphocyte proliferation were measured in former workers of the Okunojima Poison Gas Factory (poison gas workers), who have a high incidence of lung cancer, and the efficacy of administration of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) was studied [23].
• Characterization of dopamine-depleting activity of Nocardia asteroides strain GUH-2 culture filtrate on PC12 cells [24].

Gene context of Nocardia

• Augmentation of murine lymphokine-activated killer cell induction by a factor produced by Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton-stimulated T cells [25].
• Bacterial clearance and survival are dependent on CXC chemokine receptor-2 ligands in a murine model of pulmonary Nocardia asteroides infection [26].
• These results indicated the contribution of rpoB2 to RIF resistance in Nocardia species [16].
• We note here that these two putative tRNA genes as well as those which overlap the attB site of the elements SLP1 of Streptomyces coelicolor and pMEA100 of Nocardia mediterranei all contain the site where integrative recombination takes place [27].
• The Nocardia fraction NLD-RB1040 (Nocardia Lysozyme Digest) induced cytostatic activity in vitro against the YAC-1 tumor-cell line, in resident murine peritoneal macrophages isolated from BALB/c mice [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nocardia

• The susceptibility of 31 strains of Nocardia asteroides to various quinolones and beta-lactams, as well as coumermycin, amikacin, and minocycline, was determined by the agar dilution technique [29].
• Delipidated lysozyme digests of Nocardia opaca, N. corallina, and N. rubra have been fractionated by Sephadex filtration [30].
• An aryl aldehyde oxidoreductase from Nocardia sp. strain NRRL 5646 was purified 196-fold by a combination of Mono-Q, Reactive Green 19 agarose affinity, and hydroxyapatite chromatographies [31].
• Immunostimulation in the urinary bladder by local application of Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeletons (Rubratin) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin as therapy for superficial bladder cancer: a comparative study [32].
• Crystallization of NAD+-dependent phenylalanine dehydrogenase from Nocardia sp239 [33].

References