Disease relevance of Paneth Cells

• Finally, there was a marked increase in hybridization to alpha 1-AT mRNA in villous enterocytes and Paneth cells in Crohn's disease [1].
• Twenty-six of 27 hepatic adenocarcinomas analyzed exhibited glands containing on average 30.2% goblet cells, 2.1% Paneth cells, and 0.5% serotonin-positive neuroendocrine cells [2].
• CR2-directed expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen also results in a loss of mature Paneth cells but produces a marked amplification of crypt cells having a morphology intermediate between Paneth and granule goblet cells [3].
• In contrast with findings in normal colon or rectum, in ulcerative colitis LZM was also detected in some mucosal crypt cells and metaplastic Paneth cells [4].
• In contrast, Paneth cells of intestinal metaplasia and Paneth cell-rich adenomas showed a reduced immunostaining of both calnexin and lysozyme [5].

High impact information on Paneth Cells

• Paneth cells, specialized epithelia of the small intestinal crypt, secrete abundant alpha-defensins and other antimicrobial polypeptides including human defensin 5 (HD-5; also known as DEFA5) [6].
• We show that a previously uncharacterized angiogenin, Ang4, is produced by mouse Paneth cells, is secreted into the gut lumen and has bactericidal activity against intestinal microbes [7].
• Tumor necrosis factor mRNA localized to Paneth cells of normal murine intestinal epithelium by in situ hybridization [8].
• Moreover, conditional deletion of the Wnt receptor Frizzled-5 abrogates expression of these genes in Paneth cells in the adult intestine [9].
• Overall, these findings identify iPLA2 as part of the antimicrobial arsenal that equips Paneth cells to protect the small intestinal crypts from microbial invasion [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Paneth Cells

• Although Paneth cells are extremely rare in human gastrointestinal carcinomas, twenty percent of MNNG-induced intestinal carcinomas harbor Paneth cells [11].

Biological context of Paneth Cells

• Cryptdin 2 nucleotides -6500 to +34 should be a useful marker of crypt morphogenesis and a valuable tool for conducting gain-of-function or loss-of-function experiments in Paneth cells [12].
• Thus, both the Defcr-rs1 and the Defcr genes are expressed in Paneth cells and both are genetically inseparable within 1.58 cM on Chromosome 8 [13].
• Since exposure to environmental cadmium is largely via contaminated food and water, the role of Paneth cells may be of significance in cadmium toxicology [14].

Anatomical context of Paneth Cells

• When administered apically, mouse cryptdins 2 and 3 can reversibly stimulate human T-84 intestinal epithelial cells to secrete chloride ion, suggesting that alpha-defensins from Paneth cells also may be multifunctional [15].
• CONCLUSIONS: The NOD2 gene product is most abundant in Paneth cells in the terminal ileum, which could therefore play a critical and hitherto unrecognized role in the pathogenesis of NOD2-associated CD [16].
• These markers consisted of secretory component (columnar cells), a purified mucin antigen (mucous or goblet cells), chromogranin A (enteroendocrine cells), lysozyme (Paneth cells), and carcinoembryonic antigen (panepithelial cell marker) [17].
• Because matrilysin is produced in Paneth cells of the murine small intestine, where it participates in innate host defense by activation of prodefensins, we speculated that its expression would be influenced by bacterial exposure [18].
• This is not due to the loss of small intestinal progenitor cells expressing Gfi1, which is required for the formation of goblet and Paneth cells, implying that loss of Mtgr1 impairs the maturation of secretory cells in the small intestine [19].

Associations of Paneth Cells with chemical compounds

• RESULTS: Carbamylcholine elicited [Ca2+]c dynamics in Paneth cells, showing a biphasic increase, but neither cholecystokinin octapeptide nor nicotine had any effect on the [Ca2+]c of the crypt cells including the Paneth cells [20].
• Northern blot and in situ hybridization show high-level expression of guanylin mRNA restricted to the intestine, with localization to Paneth cells at the base of the small intestinal crypts [21].
• These data demonstrate that small intestinal Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides in vivo, that this secretion is regulated by the autonomic (parasympathetic) cholinergic nervous system, and that the release of antimicrobial molecules can be triggered by the presence of bacterial LPS in the intestinal lumen [22].
• The observed small intestinal sparing of Paneth cells and goblet cells following exposure to methotrexate is likely to contribute to epithelial defense during increased vulnerability of the intestinal epithelium [23].
• The effect of vitamin A-deficiency on jejunal Paneth cells in rats was investigated [24].

Gene context of Paneth Cells

• Despite their impaired Tlr4 pathway, Paneth cells in ex vivo C3H/HeJ mouse crypts released equivalent amounts of bactericidal peptide activity in response to purified bacterial antigens, including lipid A [25].
• The defensin-related murine CRS1C gene: expression in Paneth cells and linkage to Defcr, the cryptdin locus [13].
• Musashi-1 and Hes1 were not expressed in Paneth cells [26].
• Truncated mouse adenomatous polyposis coli reduces connexin32 content and increases matrilysin secretion from Paneth cells [27].
• The immunoreactivity of Slc5a8 was restricted to the striated border (the brush border) of enterocytes, and was not present in goblet cells, Paneth cells, or lamina propria cells [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Paneth Cells

• Immunohistochemistry showed that PLB/LIP is localized in brush border membranes of the absorptive cells, Paneth cells, and acrosomes of spermatid, suggesting its roles related and unrelated to intestinal digestion [29].
• Identification of GM-CSF in Paneth cells using single-cell RT-PCR [30].
• An intravenous injection of diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone), a zinc chelator, induces selective killing and rapid regeneration of Paneth cells, which have a large amount of zinc in their cytoplasmic granules [31].
• After radioautography, goblet cells and, to a lesser extent, granular goblet cells had incorporated sulfur-35, whereas Paneth cells and intermediate cells were completely negative [32].
• This was defined by the presence of one or more of endocrine, absorptive, goblet or Paneth cells, and identified by routine haematoxylin and eosin as well as histochemical and immunoperoxidase techniques [33].

References