Disease relevance of Toluidine Blue

• Tolonium (toluidine blue) rinse--a screening method for recognition of squamous carcinoma. Continuing study of oral cancer IV [1].
• We identified these vermiform structures in toluidine blue O-stained venous blood smears from four women with preeclampsia, cord blood taken at delivery of three of their neonates, and venous blood from five control subjects without preeclampsia and from five healthy beagle dogs [2].
• However, the DNA histograms of cells in hyperbasophilic (intensely toluidine blue-positive) foci were aneuploid (2C-18C) and resembled those of cells in hepatocellular carcinomas (2C-23C) [3].
• I applied Okajima's technique of exposing the dermal surface by chemical and mechanical treatment followed by toluidine blue stain to inspect the dermatoglyphic features of hands of aborted human fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities [4].
• Bsp-1 staining correlated with toluidine blue-positive basophils in chronic phase CML and with toluidine blue-negative blast cells expressing an immature myeloid phenotype in blast crisis CML and AML [5].

Psychiatry related information on Toluidine Blue

• In semithin, Toluidine Blue-stained plastic coronal sections, we have observed hyperchromatic granule cells in the dorsal crest of the adult rat dentate gyrus following passive avoidance learning [6].
• Examination of 1-micron-thick toluidine blue-stained sections of the forebrain and hindbrain region revealed reduced and altered mitotic figures, with dispersion and disorientation of the mitotic layer [7].
• To aid the dental clinician in the decision making process, a step-by-step strategy is presented for the detection of squamous cell carcinoma using toluidine blue dye [8].
• Liver biopsies from fatty livers in thirty patients whose daily alcohol consumption was excessive, or they were in a diabetic state or overweight, and liver biopsies from seven control patients not presenting the above disorders, were studied by light microscopy 0.75 micronm EPON embedded, toluidine blue stained sections, and electron microscopy [9].

High impact information on Toluidine Blue

• To assess whether a recently developed indirect immunofluorescent stain using monoclonal antibodies was more sensitive than Giemsa or toluidine blue O stains in detecting P. carinii in sputum, we undertook two prospective studies [10].
• Tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) application is useful for identifying malignant changes in squamous mucosa [1].
• By week 9, the cells had matured into hMCs, identified by higher levels of c-kit, continued expression of CD13 and low-level FcinRIalpha, uniform toluidine blue metachromasia, and uniform immunoreactivity for both tryptase and chymase [11].
• Of the nonadherent cells, 93 +/- 1% contained cyanide-resistant peroxidase, and 88 +/- 2% were toluidine blue-positive, characteristic of eosinophil and basophil granules, respectively [12].
• The cultured basophil-like cells had lobulated or round nuclei, and the cytoplasmic granules stained metachromatically with toluidine blue and azurophilic with Giemsa [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Toluidine Blue

• The relaxation of plasmid DNA was observed after the visible light irradiation of Escherichia coli AB1157 harboring plasmid pBR322 or some other plasmids in the presence of a photosensitizing dye, such as toluidine blue or acridine orange, and molecular oxygen [14].
• OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of toluidine blue O (TBO), in combination with either a helium/neon (HeNe) laser or a light-emitting diode (LED), on the viability and architecture of Streptococcus mutans biofilms [15].
• Here we report on the ability of a cellulose acetate coating containing the photosensitizers toluidine blue and rose bengal to kill microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, a bacteriophage, and Candida albicans) on its surface when illuminated with white light [16].
• Gene responsible for protecting Escherichia coli from sodium dodecyl sulfate and toluidine blue plus light [17].
• Effect of Ca(+) on the photobactericidal efficacy of methylene blue and toluidine blue against gram-negative bacteria and the dye affinity for lipopolysaccharides [18].

Biological context of Toluidine Blue

• The skeletal phenotype included reduced toluidine blue staining of cartilage, chondrocytes of irregular size, delay in the formation of the secondary ossification center and osteoporosis of long bones [19].
• In this study, we monitored OPLs from 100 patients without any history of oral cancer for an average of 44 months in order to evaluate the association of toluidine blue status with clinicopathologic risk factors, molecular patterns (microsatellite analysis on seven chromosome arms: 3p, 9p, 4q, 8p, 11q, 13q, and 17p) and outcome [20].
• Paraffin sections of duodenum were prepared and stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin for cell counts and with toluidine blue for measuring nucleolar area [21].
• Likewise, toluidine blue staining of fixed tissues resulted in highly specific labelling of apoptotic cells, indicating that apoptosis leads to specific biochemical changes responsible for the selective affinity to these dyes [22].
• Pyronin Y [3,6-bis(dimethylamino)xanthylium chloride; PY] and toluidine blue O [tolonium chloride; 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl phenothiazin-5-ium chloride; TB] are cationic dyes commonly used in cytochemistry that have affinity to nucleic acids, predominantly to RNA [23].

Anatomical context of Toluidine Blue

• Altered liver foci of the eosinophilic, clear, and simple basophilic (toluidine blue weakly positive or negative) types had modal DNA values with a wider deviation (2C-10C) than the euploid pattern of normal hepatocytes (2C-6C) [3].
• To study mast cell, basophil, and eosinophil populations within celiac sprue mucosae in comparison with various disease-control specimens, toluidine blue-stained 1-micron plastic sections were analyzed morphometrically by light microscopy [24].
• This was associated with enlargement of the lysosomes, the presence of membranous whorls, and intense toluidine blue staining of the organelles at pH 1 [25].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: Sections of atrial appendages (AUTHR, n = 14; controls (CO), n = 13) were analyzed for MC by Giemsa, toluidine blue, and berberine sulfate stains and by immunohistochemistry [26].
• Toluidine blue staining and electron microscopy revealed the presence of engrafted human and rat cardiomyocytes in the infarcted myocardium up to 14 and 65 days after transplantation, respectively [27].

Associations of Toluidine Blue with other chemical compounds

• Identification of basophils was established by metachromatic staining with toluidine blue, transmission electron microscopy, and the presence of histamine [28].
• While both morphological analysis of testis and epididymis and sperm parameter measurements did not show any apparent abnormality, toluidine blue and acridine orange stainings of spermatozoa indicated defective chromatin condensation in the KO sperm isolated from the caput epididymis [29].
• Histologic analysis revealed an occasional surface irregularity and localized depletion of Safranin O and toluidine blue staining of articular cartilage on the femoral heads from animals taking the higher doses [30].
• Osteocyte integrity was then assessed histomorphometrically from terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling (TUNEL)-stained sections to detect cells undergoing DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis; toluidine blue-stained sections were used for secondary morphological confirmation [31].
• In each subject, 4 to 8 bronchial biopsies were taken from large airways during bronchoscopy, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in glycomethacrylate, cut into 2-microM sections, and stained with toluidine blue [32].

Gene context of Toluidine Blue

• Myelin-associated glycoprotein was seen periaxonally in both normal myelin sheaths and sheaths which showed extensive splitting and ballooning as seen with toluidine blue stain and myelin basic protein antiserum [33].
• To discriminate c-kit+ cells from mast cells expressing c-kit, mast cells were identified by staining with Toluidine blue [34].
• After cultured OP9 micromasses exposed to TGF-beta3 and BMP2 were implanted in mice, they produced abundant metachromatic matrix with the toluidine blue stain and formed type II collagen-positive hyaline cartilage within 2 weeks in vivo [35].
• Blasts were negative for myeloperoxidase, non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase, periodic-acid Schiff stain, and toluidine blue [36].
• Enhancement of toluidine blue staining by transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone in the temporomandibular joint of aged mice [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Toluidine Blue

• The sensitivity of the three stains in detecting P. carinii was 45 of 49 (92 percent) for immunofluorescence; 37 of 49 (76 percent) for Diff-Quik (a Giemsa-type stain); and 39 of 49 (80 percent) for toluidine blue O [10].
• The sensitivity of conventional staining methods (direct and indirect fluorescence antibody and toluidine-blue-O tests) was significantly less (38-53%) than that of nested PCR (p less than 0.05) [38].
• Identification of the mast cells was confirmed by metachromatic staining with toluidine blue and alcian blue, transmission electron microscopy, and by demonstration of the membrane receptors for IgE [39].
• After only 2 days in coculture with either embryonic mouse skin-derived fibroblasts (MESFs) or human skin-derived fibroblasts (HSFs), a marked increase in granule number and density was noted on staining with toluidine blue [40].
• We report here that hrRANTES at 20 ng/50 microl in mice causes mast cell recruitment 4 h after intramuscular injection, an effect inhibited by anti-RANTES, as evidenced by 0.1% Toluidine blue, a specific dye for coloring mast cells [41].

References