Disease relevance of Imidocarb

• 7. Imidocarb, (3,3'-bis-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-carbanilide, which has been used as an anti-protozoan drug for the prevention and treatment of babesiosis in cattle, was thus identified [1].
• Imidocarb, at a dosage of 4 mg/kg of body weight, given IM at 72-hour intervals 4 times, was ineffective in eliminating B equi-carrier infection in 9 mature geldings [2].
• A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis [3].
• The effectiveness of imidocarb dipropionate in clearing Ehrlichia species from the blood and tissues of dogs with E. canis infection has not been thoroughly evaluated [4].
• Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on pharmacokinetics of imidocarb in dogs and goats [5].

High impact information on Imidocarb

• Prevention by polyamines of the curative effect of amicarbalide and imidocarb for Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice [6].
• In mice, intraperitoneal administration of imidocarb significantly increased serum IL-10 levels and lowered TNF-alpha levels [1].
• In contrast, imidocarb inhibited LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by peritoneal macrophages [1].
• Cytotoxicity of imidocarb (100 microM) to hepatocyte monolayers was maximal after 72 hr treatment and dose-dependent above 10 microM imidocarb [7].
• The depletion kinetics of imidocarb fitted a two-compartment model with alpha- and beta-phase half-lives of 31.7 and 48.5 days in liver and 34.9 and 120.7 days in muscle, respectively [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of Imidocarb

• Imizol injection (imidocarb) is used for the prevention and treatment of babesiosis in cattle [8].
• Additional treatment with isotonic fluids i.v. and heparin s.c. were used as supportive care for dehydration and disseminated intravascular coagulation that were detected by laboratory testing between diminazene or imidocarb treatments [9].
• A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate solution and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of naturally occurring ehrlichiosis of dogs presented at the University of Nairobi small animal clinic was carried out [3].
• Ovine and caprine babesiosis in Iran: treatment with imidocarb [10].
• There were significant differences between the mean weight gains of surviving animals in the oxytetracycline group and the controls and surviving animals in the imidocarb group and control cattle [11].

Biological context of Imidocarb

• Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate in horses after intramuscular administration [12].
• DNA binding sites for imidocarb remained unsaturated over the concentration range 0-100 microM [14C]imidocarb [13].
• A drug-adapted line was developed by culture in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of imidocarb dipropionate and it had an IC50 eight times higher than that of its original stock (6.6 x 10(-6) g ml-1) [14].
• Control of vaccine virulence with drugs was only possible when drugs with prophylactic properties, such as imidocarb and long-acting oxytetracycline, were used [15].
• Renal clearance of imidocarb was less than glomerular filtration rate, indicating net tubular reabsorption [16].

Anatomical context of Imidocarb

• The mechanism of imidocarb retention by bovine liver was modelled using isolated bovine hepatocytes [8].
• Imidocarb, a potent anti-protozoan drug, up-regulates interleukin-10 production by murine macrophages [1].
• There were four stages of degeneration of B equi in erythrocytes of ponies treated with imidocarb [17].
• Imidocarb was bound to plasma proteins and the apparent volume of distribution was estimated to be slightly higher than the total body water [16].
• The 14C-labeled imidocarb could be detected in all regions of the central nervous system examined, in the hypophysis, and in the pineal body [16].

Associations of Imidocarb with other chemical compounds

• The antiprotozoal drugs berenil, pentamidine, ethidium bromide, imidocarb, methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) and 1,3-diacetylbenzene-bis(guanylhydrazone) had no effect on the synthesis of N1-glutathionylspermidine or trypanothione in vitro [18].
• The potential hepatotoxicity of imidocarb residues was tested on hepatocyte monolayers and assessed using the neutral red and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays [7].
• Effect of imidocarb and levamisole on the experimental infection of BALB/c mice by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis [19].
• Competitive binding studies between imidocarb and pentamidine or spermidine provided evidence for common DNA binding sites [13].
• The therapeutic efficacies of imidocarb and parvaquone were tested against Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and for induced acute infections in splenectomized ponies [2].

Gene context of Imidocarb

• The hypothesis that the toxic effects of imidocarb mediated by reduced cholinesterase activity might be intensified by hypomagnesaemia was tested in calves [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Imidocarb

• The concentration of imidocarb (mean +/- SD) decreased between days 14 and 224 after treatment from 5.40 +/- 0.61 to 0.12 +/- 0.01 and from 1.05 +/- 0.31 to 0.06 +/- 0.02 microgram g-1 in liver and muscle, respectively [7].
• A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of the antiprotozoal agent imidocarb in cattle kidney is developed [21].
• Studies in sheep indicate that imidocarb is retained in edible tissues (Aliu et al.). In the present study we have set up and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography based method to investigate the retention of imidocarb in cattle liver [8].
• Ultrastructural renal lesions were studied in 20 goats given one intramuscular injection of a lethal dose of imidocarb diproprionate (6.75 mg/kg) [22].
• The dog was treated with imidocarb diproprionate, which resulted in the resolution of clinical signs, and subsequently Babesia DNA was not detectable by PCR in post-treatment samples [23].

References