Disease relevance of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• Ethamsylate in treatment of menorrhagia [1].
• Nine patients with clinically moderate or severe Type I von Willebrand's disease were treated for 2 weeks with ethamsylate (2 g/day in four equal doses) and with a matched placebo in a randomised double-blind trial [2].
• Ethamsylate in the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus [3].
• A comparative study of ethamsylate and mefenamic acid in dysfunctional uterine bleeding [4].
• Such a mechanism can explain previous observations that ethamsylate inhibits carrageenan-induced rat paw edema [5].

High impact information on 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• Acutal menstrual blood-losses were calculated from the iron content of used sanitary material during one pre-trail menstrual period and four trial menstrual periods, during which patients received ethamsylate ("Dicynene") treatment during two menstrual cycles and placebo during two cycles [6].
• Simultaneous determination of ethamsylate, tramadol and lidocaine in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection [7].
• Neither ethamsylate nor placebo caused a significant change in the basal values of any of the variables monitored but both the prolongation of the bleeding time and the amount of blood loss induced by aspirin were significantly less during ethamsylate treatment than with placebo [8].
• Ethamsylate failed to prevent the aspirin-induced elimination of the secondary wave of platelet aggregation [8].
• The hemostatic agent, ethamsylate, inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism by a mechanism independent of cyclooxygenase activity and blocks carrageenan-induced rat paw edema [5].

Chemical compound and disease context of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• The effects of ethamsylate and mefenamic acid on menstrual blood loss were compared in a double-blind trial in 34 women with menorrhagia [4].
• Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a major problem of preterm neonates, and ethamsylate, an inhibitor of specific prostaglandin-synthetic enzymes has been demonstrated to prevent IVH in these patients [9].

Biological context of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• These results together with the previously observed enhancement of platelet P-selectin membrane expression [Thromb. Res. (2002)107:329-335] confirms and extends the view that ethamsylate acts on the first step of hemostasis, by improving platelet homo- and heterotypic adhesiveness [10].
• Ethamsylate in the treatment of climacteric flushing [11].
• These results support the view that ethamsylate acts on the first step of hemostasis, by improving platelet adhesiveness and restoring capillary resistance [12].
• Here we investigated the platelet activation potential of ethamsylate, by measuring membrane P-selectin expression with flow cytometry in human whole blood and also by immunofluorescence imaging of isolated human platelets [12].
• This treatment is not associated with an increase in side effects compared to placebo, NSAIDS, oral luteal phase progestagens or ethamsylate [13].

Anatomical context of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• The hemostatic agent ethamsylate promotes platelet/leukocyte aggregate formation in a model of vascular injury [10].
• The hemostatic agent ethamsylate enhances P-selectin membrane expression in human platelets and cultured endothelial cells [12].
• Ethamsylate possesses antihemorrhagic properties, but whether or not it directly activates blood platelets is unclear [12].
• In conclusion, ethamsylate specifically binds to plasma membranes of leukocytes, enhances membrane PSGL-1 expression and promotes leukocyte-platelet aggregation in whole-blood perfused through a damaged vascular segment [10].
• Beneficial effect of ethamsylate on the relative blood flow of the pancreas in acute canine necrotizing pancreatitis [14].

Associations of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid with other chemical compounds

• Here, ethamsylate was investigated for (i) in vivo actions on the free radical-dependent, permeabilizing responses to arachidonic acid and (ii) its antioxidant potential in vitro [5].
• Desmopressin and ethamsylate were evaluated for possible synergistic effects on the bleeding time [15].
• In a bid to minimise dosage and possible side-effects when relieving post episiotomy pain, the NSAID Indomethacin was studied in combination with a systemic haemostat Ethamsylate which has been shown to selectively inhibit some prostaglandins [16].
• There was a non significant trend towards greater efficacy of NSAIDs compared to oral progestogen (luteal phase) and ethamsylate but no differences were demonstrated between NSAIDs and the progesterone releasing intra-uterine system (IUS) and the oral contraceptive pill, although these results were based on very small studies [17].
• There were no significant differences in the frequency of reported side effects with tranexamic acid when compared to oral luteal phase progestogens (RR 0.4 [0.1, 1.2]) or withdrawal from treatment because of adverse events when compared with NSAIDs and ethamsylate when these treatments were used for heavy menstrual bleeding [13].

Gene context of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• The rate of bleeding after aspirin preceded by ethamsylate [14.1 (8.5-23.4) microliters 10 min-1] was not significantly different from that after aspirin alone [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of 2,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

• A double-blind trial of ethamsylate in the treatment of primary and intrauterine-device menorrhagia [6].
• Multicentre trial of ethamsylate for prevention of periventricular haemorrhage in very low birthweight infants [19].
• Ethamsylate and blood loss in total hip replacement [20].
• Animals not receiving ethamsylate (n = 11) served as control group [21].
• Whole blood flow cytometry showed a modest, but statistically significant increase by ethamsylate in the percentage of platelets expressing P-selectin (from 2% to 4-5%, p < 0.05) [12].

References