Disease relevance of Olfaction Disorders

• Kallmann syndrome associates hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia and is probably due to a defect in the embryonic migration of olfactory and GnRH-synthesizing neurons [1].
• Clinically, this migratory route for LHRH-expressing neurons could explain the deficiency of gonadotropins seen in 'Kallmann's syndrome' (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia) [2].
• Refsum's disease is a neurological syndrome characterized by adult-onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy and phytanic acidaemia [3].
• We report a kindred comprising a male proband with KS and spontaneous reversibility, whose mother had delayed puberty and whose maternal grandfather isolated anosmia [4].
• The reduction in the weight of accessory sexual glands and prostates, as well as in the serum testosterone levels, induced by blindness + peripheral anosmia was fully prevented by pinealectomy, whereas body and pituitary weight reduction induced by the dual sensory deprivation were only partially prevented [5].

Psychiatry related information on Olfaction Disorders

• 1. The effects of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy, sham-operation and inducement of peripheral anosmia were studied on locomotor activity, passive avoidance acquisition and irritability [6].

High impact information on Olfaction Disorders

• Loss of BBS proteins causes anosmia in humans and defects in olfactory cilia structure and function in the mouse [7].
• The genetic basis for specific anosmia to isovaleric acid in the mouse [8].
• The gene for the X-linked Kallmann syndrome (KAL), a developmental disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, maps to Xp22.3 and has a homologous locus, KALP, on Yq11 [9].
• Metyrapone-induced anosmia was restricted to the pheromone detectors in P. diversa, which became insensitive to physiological concentrations of pheromones for a few minutes [10].
• The two males with FGFR1 mutations had HH and anosmia and lacked other features [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Olfaction Disorders

• These results in the chicken embryo help to elucidate the mechanisms of anosmia and gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency, which define Kallmann syndrome [12].
• Refsum disease (RD), a neurological syndrome characterized by adult onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy, and phytanic acidaemia, is caused by elevated levels of phytanic acid [13].
• Since olfactory bulb deafferentation (peripheral anosmia) potentiates the antigonadal effects of light deprivation, we studied a) the pineal involvement in this action and b) whether peripheral anosmia might increase the response to melatonin injections [5].
• X-linked ichthyosis, due to steroid sulphatase deficiency, associated with Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia): linkage relationships with Xg and cloned DNA sequences from the distal short arm of the X chromosome [14].
• Through comparison with zinc sulfate-treated anosmic controls, these OBX-induced increases were attributed to both an augmentation of initial reactivity due to anosmia and an attenuation of the average rate of habituation [15].

Biological context of Olfaction Disorders

• Blinding and anosmia in postpubertal animals produced only a minor decrease in PRL synthesis and pituitary weight and no decrease in pituitary cell number [16].
• In Experiment 2, anosmia to volatile odors was induced by spraying zinc sulfate intranasally on gestation day 21 and L1 [17].
• Kallmann syndrome is defined as a congenital isolated gonadotropic deficiency associated with anosmia whereas the phenotype of the idiopathic form is limited to the gonadotropic axis [18].
• Mice heterozygous for the insulin receptor kinase (IR+/-) gene performed the same as wild-type (+/+) mice when challenged with a traditional, non-learning-based task to test gross anosmia [19].
• Olfactory function was evaluated by olfactory event-related potentials and standardized psychophysical measures including the Smell Identification Test and odor detection threshold tests for 3 chemosensory stimulants in 9 subjects with isolated congenital anosmia and 9 age- and gender-matched normosmic controls [20].

Anatomical context of Olfaction Disorders

• PURPOSE: To describe the MR appearance of the olfactory bulbs and tracts and temporal lobes in patients with Kallmann syndrome, a disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia [21].
• Blinding and anosmia in male rats is followed by retarded bodily development, reduced weights of the gonads and adnexa, and depressed levels of pituitary luteinizing hormone and prolactin [22].
• Biopsies of the olfactory mucosa in patients that complain of dysosmia after viral infection fall into two categories: one in which no olfactory epithelium is seen and another in which the epithelium is disordered and populated mainly by immature neurons [23].
• CONCLUSIONS: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome, characterized by squirt, sniff, burn, and anosmia, occurs after the exposure of olfactory epithelium to zinc cation [24].
• Since peripheral anosmia has only modest effects on play fighting, neither the chemosensory nor the modulatory influences of the olfactory bulbs on limbic system activity appear to be especially important in the control of play by juvenile rats [25].

Gene context of Olfaction Disorders

• For several years, it has been known that mutations of the KAL-1 gene or loss-of-function mutations of GnRH receptor did not explain all familial cases of isolated gonadotropic deficiency with or without anosmia [18].
• CONCLUSIONS: The observed prevalence of hyposmia among patients with allergic rhinitis suggests that this is a major etiologic factor contributing to smell disorders [26].
• On the other hand, compared with normal leukotrienuria in the patients with ATA, hyperleukotrienuria in the patients with ATA was associated with severe asthma and chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CHRS/NP), which are well-known symptoms of the aspirin triad, as well as hypereosinophilia and anosmia [27].
• GnRH was administered i.v. at a physiologic frequency and dose (75-100 ng/kg.bolus) to women with IHH (n = 11; n = 6 with anosmia); acquired GnRH deficiency secondary to treatment for cranial tumors (AHH; n = 7); and secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA; n = 8) [28].
• However, the physiological interpretation of the effects of bulbar ablation is complex, since it simultaneously implies sequelae like: a) the loss of olfactory sensitivity (anosmia), b) the suppression of the accessory olfactory system (AOS), and c) the suppression of nonsensorial functions of the bulbs [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Olfaction Disorders

• (1977) have previously compared the abilities of several inbred strains of mice to avoid odorized drinks after odor-aversion conditioning and have proposed C57BL/6 mice as an animal model to study the specific anosmia to isovaleric acid [30].
• In steroid-dependent anosmia (nasal polyps, inhalant allergy, anosmia), high doses of steroids will temporarily restore the sense of smell, a diagnostic test [31].
• Estrogen-receptor occurrence in the female mouse brain: effects of maternal experience, ovariectomy, estrogen and anosmia [32].

References