Disease relevance of HPCX

• Linkage analysis of 153 prostate cancer families over a 30-cM region containing the putative susceptibility locus HPCX [1].
• CONCLUSIONS.: The combination of honokiol and low-dose docetaxel may be used to improve patient outcome in androgen-independent prostate cancer with bone metastasis [2].
• These transcriptional units represent candidate genes for HPCX and multiple other hereditary diseases at Xq26.3-q27.3 [3].
• Tumor-Induced Activation of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells via Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Is Critical for Prostate Cancer Lymphatic Metastasis [4].
• Race/ethnicity, obesity, health related behaviors and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial [5].

Psychiatry related information on HPCX

• RESULTS: We found few studies of substance among the 60 we examined to draw conclusions about psychological adjustment to prostate cancer and its treatment [6].
• X-linked forms of mental retardation (MR) affect approximately 1 in 600 males and are likely to be highly heterogeneous [7].
• X-linked recessive inheritance of ataxia and adult-onset dementia: clinical features and preliminary linkage analysis [8].
• Environmental factors, such as dietary habits, may play a major role in the causation of prostate cancer [9].
• BACKGROUND: Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) (HCHWA-D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have certain clinical and histopathologic features in common; both are characterized by cerebral amyloid beta deposits [10].

High impact information on HPCX

• The benefit and cost of prostate cancer early detection. The Investigators of the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project [11].
• The X-Linked Mental Retardation Gene SMCX/JARID1C Defines a Family of Histone H3 Lysine 4 Demethylases [12].
• X-linked Cornelia de Lange syndrome owing to SMC1L1 mutations [13].
• X-linked inheritance of Fanconi anemia complementation group B [14].
• X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is an inherited condition that causes failure to develop cognitive abilities, owing to mutations in a gene on the X chromosome [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of HPCX

• The effect of honokiol and the combined therapy with docetaxel on prostate cancer (PCa) growth and bone metastasis was investigated in experimental models [2].
• BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema results from a congenital deficiency of functional C1 inhibitor and is characterized by episodic bouts of edema, which may be life-threatening when they involve the larynx [16].
• X-linked pyridoxine-responsive sideroblastic anemia due to a Thr388-to-Ser substitution in erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase [17].
• X-linked, pyridoxine-responsive sideroblastic anemia [18].
• X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disorder in which the kidney is insensitive to the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin [19].

Biological context of HPCX

• Linkage analysis was carried out with 39 microsatellite markers for the HPC1 region and 22 markers for the HPCX region [20].
• This study suggests that the HPCX-linked prostate cancer families represent a distinct subgroup characterized by NMM transmission of disease and late age of diagnosis [20].
• The maximum HPCX LOD score in this subgroup was 3.12 (theta = 0.001) [20].
• This study represents the first report identifying a haplotype in the Xq27-28 region for an association between HPCX and X-linked prostate cancer with no-male-to-male transmission in the Finnish population [21].
• In order to estimate the genetic linkage in Icelandic prostate cancer families, we genotyped 241 samples from 87 families with eleven markers in the HPC1 region, six markers at PCaP, and eight at HPCX [22].

Anatomical context of HPCX

• OBJECTIVES: In this study we used arsenic-transformed human prostate epithelial cells, which also show androgen-independent growth, to study the possibility that chronic activation of Ras/MAPK signaling may contribute to arsenic-induced prostate cancer progression [23].
• METHODS.: The in vitro proapoptotic effects of honokiol on human androgen-dependent and -independent PCa, bone marrow, bone marrow-derived endothelial, and prostate stroma cells were investigated [2].
• Therefore, we have now investigated the response of DU-145 cells, a well characterized androgen-independent human prostate cancer (PCA) cell line, to this phenylpropanoid derivative [24].
• Prostate cancer disseminates initially and primarily to regional lymph nodes [4].
• BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer promotes the development of T cell tolerance towards prostatic antigens, potentially limiting the efficacy of prostate cancer vaccines targeting these antigens [25].

Associations of HPCX with chemical compounds

• Honokiol, a natural plant product, inhibits the bone metastatic growth of human prostate cancer cells [2].
• We now report that treatment of DU-145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) or CGK1026 resulted in transcriptional activation of the IFI16 gene [26].
• It has been proposed that AR mutations such as Thr877-->Ala, Trp741-->Leu, and Trp741-->Cys that cause anti-androgens such as flutamide and bicalutamide to function as agonists are likely associated with anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome in PCa therapy [27].
• Ten-year survival and cardiovascular mortality in patients with advanced prostate cancer primarily treated by intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate or orchiectomy [28].
• Prostate cancer cells, like normal prostate epithelial cells, produce high levels of the differentiation marker and serine protease prostate-specific antigen (PSA) [29].

Physical interactions of HPCX

• X-linked CGD patients have mutations in the gene encoding the gp91(phox) subunit of cytochrome b558 and usually lack gp91(phox) protein completely (X91(0)). gp91(phox) is considered to be a flavocytochrome that contains binding sites for NADPH, FAD, as well as heme [30].

Regulatory relationships of HPCX

• Tyrosine Kinase Etk/BMX Is Up-regulated in Human Prostate Cancer and Its Overexpression Induces Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Mouse [31].
• X-linked recessive suppression can also occur under the control of the XS locus with normal (XS1) and suppressor (XS2) alleles [32].
• OBJECTIVE: Hereditary nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism is caused by activating thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) germline mutations [33].
• X-linked genetic factors regulate hematopoietic stem-cell kinetics in females [34].

Other interactions of HPCX

• X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia results in abnormal morphogenesis of teeth, hair and eccrine sweat glands [35].
• X-linked recessive myotubular myopathy (MTM1) is characterized by severe hypotonia and generalized muscle weakness, with impaired maturation of muscle fibres [36].
• X-linked hydrocephalus, spastic paraplegia type I and MASA syndrome are related disorders with loci in subchromosomal region Xq28 [37].
• X-linked situs abnormalities result from mutations in ZIC3 [38].
• RESULTS: Hereditary cancers were rarely diagnosed before age 40 years and were common after age 60 years, with mean age at diagnosis being significantly younger for BRCA1- vs BRCA2-linked patients (54 vs 62 years; P=.04) [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HPCX

• A genetic epidemiological study of hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) in Finland: frequent HPCX linkage in families with late-onset disease [20].
• Immunohistochemical staining confirmed honokiol exhibited growth-inhibitory, apoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects on PCa xenografts [2].
• PCa growth in mouse bone was evaluated by radiography, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and tissue immunohistochemistry [2].
• The study of the effectiveness of cryotherapy as a curative treatment for prostate cancer has often relied on the use of either in vitro cell culture monolayers or animal models [40].
• Suicide Gene Therapy With Adenoviral Delivery of HSV-tK Gene for Patients With Local Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Hormonal Therapy [41].

References