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MeSH Review

Inuits

 
 
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Disease relevance of Inuits

  • The potential for a genetic marker of obesity creates opportunities for future studies in the Inuit, not just to confirm the associations, but also to examine prospectively the influence of interventions and possible relationships between GNB3 825T and longer term complications of obesity [1].
  • Autoimmune disorders (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Graves' disease and psoriasis) are rare, possibly explained by the associations of these disorders with HLA-alleles rare in the Inuit (e.g. HLA-B8) [2].
  • Bilirubin and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels in serum were lower among mutation-positive compared with mutation-negative Inuit. CONCLUSIONS: Heterozygosity for Greenland familial cholestasis is common among the Inuit in East Greenland but it is not a risk factor for disease in the carrier [3].
  • Cancer incidence of the nasal cavities in Inuit men are high (ASR=3.0 1984-1988), and higher than seen in Denmark, Connecticut (USA) and Canada. Lung cancer incidence is among the highest in the world, for both men and women, and larynx cancer among the lowest [4].
  • The results indicated that 95% of the Labrador Inuit youth examined had some degree of malocclusion, 10-16% were aware of their occlusal disharmonies, 55-65% wanted to have their teeth straightened, and 5% were teased by others because of their malocclusions [5].
 

High impact information on Inuits

  • Canada. Inuit claims hinder NASA Mars project [6].
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been reported to occur in Alsaka Natives (Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts) at a rate greater than 15 times the rate for U.S. whites [7].
  • To investigate the extent of genetic variation at the APO D structural locus, we have developed an isoelectric focusing-immunoblotting technique and have screened a large number of plasma samples from U.S. whites, U.S. blacks, Nigerian blacks, the Aleuts of the Pribilof Islands, Eskimo groups from Kodiak Island and St [8].
  • Genetically independent variation consistent with expression of the ORM2 locus was observed in plasma samples from American blacks but was not observed in U.S. whites or sampled populations of North- and South-American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, or New Guinea Highlanders [9].
  • We analyzed this locus from various sources including MJD families, Acadian, African American, Caucasian, Greenland Inuit and Thai populations [10].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Inuits

 

Biological context of Inuits

  • We tested for association of the ABCA1 I/M823 variant with plasma HDL cholesterol in Canadian Inuit and found that M823/M823 homozygotes had significantly higher plasma HDL cholesterol compared with subjects with the other genotypes [13].
  • Recently, we stated that frequencies of potentially high risk alleles of the apolipoproteins, fibrinogen, factor V, glycoprotein IIIa and factor VII (FVII) genes have different allele frequencies in the Inuit when compared with Caucasian populations [14].
  • CYP2C19 genotyping and associated mephenytoin hydroxylation polymorphism in a Canadian Inuit population [15].
  • Apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotypes were determined in Inuit population samples from Nuuk on the south-west coast of Greenland (n = 100) and from the Ammassalik region on the south-east coast (n = 78) [16].
  • The Inuit population residing in Nunavik (northern Québec, Canada) relies on species from the marine food web for subsistence and is therefore exposed to high doses of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury and to a lesser extent lead [17].
 

Anatomical context of Inuits

 

Associations of Inuits with chemical compounds

 

Gene context of Inuits

  • We tested for associations of LIPC -480T with plasma lipoprotein traits in samples taken from three distinct Canadian populations: 657 Alberta Hutterites, 328 Ontario Oji-Cree and 210 Keewatin Inuit. Plasma HL activity was not available for analyses [24].
  • In Inuit, we found that carriers of PON1 M55 had higher mean plasma concentrations of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol than non-carriers [25].
  • Therefore, these alleles may be extremely rare or absent, and unless other novel polymorphisms exist in this Inuit group one would not anticipate any CYP2C9 poor metabolizer subjects among this population [26].
  • CONCLUSIONS: The aggregate of results from our studies in Inuit to date suggests that the beneficial influence of the low prevalence of any or all of the ACE D, MTHFR 677T and F5 Q506 outweighs the deleterious influence of the high prevalence of any or all of the other disease-associated alleles [27].
  • No significant differences were observed in the overall APOE allele frequencies between the Buryat and the Siberian Evenki, Inuits, and Indians in Asia, or with some European whites [28].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Inuits

  • We assessed the presence of airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR), defined as a 15% drop in FEV1 with exercise, airflow obstruction, as judged by a reduced FEV1/FVC, and atopy, as evidenced by skin test positivity to inhaled aeroallergens, among 509 Inuit aged mostly from 6 to 13 yr [29].
  • Myopia among the Inuit population of East Greenland. Longitudinal Study 1950-1994 [30].

References

  1. G-protein beta3 subunit gene splice variant and body fat distribution in Nunavut Inuit. Hegele, R.A., Anderson, C., Young, T.K., Connelly, P.W. Genome Res. (1999) [Pubmed]
  2. Genetic epidemiology of Greenland. Harvald, B. Clin. Genet. (1989) [Pubmed]
  3. Geographical clustering and maintained health in individuals harbouring the mutation for Greenland familial cholestasis: A population-based study. Andersen, S., Okkels, H., Krarup, H., Laurberg, P. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  4. Cancer of the respiratory system in Circumpolar Inuit. Miller, A.B., Gaudette, L.A. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) (1996) [Pubmed]
  5. Malocclusion in Labrador Inuit youth: a psychosocial, dental and cephalometric evaluation. Zammit, M.P., Hans, M.G., Broadbent, B.H., Johnsen, D.C., Latimer, B.M., Nelson, S. Arctic medical research. (1995) [Pubmed]
  6. Canada. Inuit claims hinder NASA Mars project. Kondro, W. Science (2001) [Pubmed]
  7. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in an Alaskan Eskimo family: report of three cases. Lanier, A.P., Bender, T.R., Tschopp, C.F., Dohan, P. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1979) [Pubmed]
  8. Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. IX. Apolipoprotein D polymorphism and its relation to serum lipoprotein lipid levels. Kamboh, M.I., Albers, J.J., Majumder, P.P., Ferrell, R.E. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1989) [Pubmed]
  9. Genetic studies of low-abundance human plasma proteins. V. Evidence for a second orosomucoid structural locus (ORM2) expressed in plasma. Escallon, M.H., Ferrell, R.E., Kamboh, M.I. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1987) [Pubmed]
  10. Analysis of CAG repeat of the Machado-Joseph gene in human, chimpanzee and monkey populations: a variant nucleotide is associated with the number of CAG repeats. Limprasert, P., Nouri, N., Heyman, R.A., Nopparatana, C., Kamonsilp, M., Deininger, P.L., Keats, B.J. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1996) [Pubmed]
  11. The associations of a marine diet with plasma lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure and obesity among the inuit in Greenland. Bjerregaard, P., Pedersen, H.S., Mulvad, G. European journal of clinical nutrition. (2000) [Pubmed]
  12. Obesity and metabolic correlates among the Inuit and a general Danish population. Jørgensen, M.E. International journal of circumpolar health. (2004) [Pubmed]
  13. Common and rare ABCA1 variants affecting plasma HDL cholesterol. Wang, J., Burnett, J.R., Near, S., Young, K., Zinman, B., Hanley, A.J., Connelly, P.W., Harris, S.B., Hegele, R.A. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  14. DNA-polymorphisms and plasma levels of vascular disease risk factors in Greenland Inuit--is there a relation with the low risk of cardiovascular disease in the Inuit? de Maat, M.P., Bladbjerg, E.M., Johansen, L.G., de Knijff, P., Gram, J., Kluft, C., Jespersen, J. Thromb. Haemost. (1999) [Pubmed]
  15. CYP2C19 genotyping and associated mephenytoin hydroxylation polymorphism in a Canadian Inuit population. Jurima-Romet, M., Goldstein, J.A., LeBelle, M., Aubin, R.A., Foster, B.C., Walop, W., Rode, A. Pharmacogenetics (1996) [Pubmed]
  16. The apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Greenland Inuit in its global perspective. Gerdes, L.U., Gerdes, C., Hansen, P.S., Klausen, I.C., Faergeman, O., Dyerberg, J. Hum. Genet. (1996) [Pubmed]
  17. Prenatal exposure of the northern Québec Inuit infants to environmental contaminants. Muckle, G., Ayotte, P., Dewailly E, E., Jacobson, S.W., Jacobson, J.L. Environ. Health Perspect. (2001) [Pubmed]
  18. Organochlorine levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma in Arctic Canada. Butler Walker, J., Seddon, L., McMullen, E., Houseman, J., Tofflemire, K., Corriveau, A., Weber, J.P., Mills, C., Smith, S., Van Oostdam, J. Sci. Total Environ. (2003) [Pubmed]
  19. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance among the inuit population of Greenland. Jørgensen, M.E., Bjeregaard, P., Borch-Johnsen, K. Diabetes Care (2002) [Pubmed]
  20. Vitamin E status of northern Canadian newborns: relation of vitamin E to blood lipids. Godel, J.C. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1989) [Pubmed]
  21. A pilot beta-carotene intervention trial with Inuits using smokeless tobacco. Stich, H.F., Hornby, A.P., Dunn, B.P. Int. J. Cancer (1985) [Pubmed]
  22. History of Inuit community exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury in sewage lake sediments. Hermanson, M.H., Brozowski, J.R. Environ. Health Perspect. (2005) [Pubmed]
  23. Acute infections and environmental exposure to organochlorines in Inuit infants from Nunavik. Dallaire, F., Dewailly, E., Muckle, G., Vézina, C., Jacobson, S.W., Jacobson, J.L., Ayotte, P. Environ. Health Perspect. (2004) [Pubmed]
  24. Absence of association between genetic variation in the LIPC gene promoter and plasma lipoproteins in three Canadian populations. Hegele, R.A., Harris, S.B., Brunt, J.H., Young, T.K., Hanley, A.J., Zinman, B., Connelly, P.W. Atherosclerosis (1999) [Pubmed]
  25. Association between PON1 L/M55 polymorphism and plasma lipoproteins in two Canadian aboriginal populations. Fanella, S., Harris, S.B., Young, T.K., Hanley, A.J., Zinman, B., Connelly, P.W., Hegele, R.A. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (2000) [Pubmed]
  26. Cytochrome P4502C9 (CYP2C9) allele frequencies in Canadian Native Indian and Inuit populations. Gaedigk, A., Casley, W.L., Tyndale, R.F., Sellers, E.M., Jurima-Romet, M., Leeder, J.S. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  27. F5 Q506 mutation and the low prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Canadian Inuit. Mandelcorn, R., Connelly, P.W., Boright, A., Young, T.K., Hegele, R.A. J. Investig. Med. (1998) [Pubmed]
  28. Apolipoprotein E and H polymorphisms in Mongolian Buryat: allele frequencies and relationship with plasma lipid levels. Tsunoda, K., Harihara, S., Dashnyam, B., Semjidmaa, D., Yamaguchi, Y., Tanabe, Y., Sakai, N., Sato, A., Sato, K. Hum. Biol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  29. Airway function among Inuit primary school children in far northern Quebec. Hemmelgarn, B., Ernst, P. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) [Pubmed]
  30. Myopia among the Inuit population of East Greenland. Longitudinal Study 1950-1994. Norn, M. Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica. (1997) [Pubmed]
 
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