Disease relevance of Immunologic Memory

• Vitamin A deficiency severely compromises the magnitude of the primary and secondary antibody response to tetanus toxoid (TT) but does not impair the development of immunologic memory [1].
• Recombinant HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 induces distinct types of delayed hypersensitivity in persons with or without pre-existing immunologic memory [2].
• Conjugate vaccines of Hib PS linked to proteins, such as CRM(197), increase the PS antibody titer and elicit immunologic memory [3].
• In mice primed with a mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K)) cell-associated immunological memory was increased secondarily after a second injection of BSA alone, whereas a primary injection of BSA alone into normal unprimed mice did not result in detectable memory [4].
• Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in early infancy and able to induce immunologic memory [5].

High impact information on Immunologic Memory

• Finally, changes in the structure of CD45 that occur during differentiation of T cells alter the interactions of these three components of the signal transducing machinery, perhaps accounting for changes in signal transduction that accompany T-cell development in the thymus and the development of immunological memory cells [6].
• Igh-V or closely linked gene(s) control immunological memory to a thymus-independent antigen [7].
• Furthermore, this vaccine induces immunologic memory to meningococcal C polysaccharide [8].
• Epitope-specific regulation. II. A bistable, Igh-restricted regulatory mechanism central to immunologic memory [9].
• Exposure to the same antigen 7 weeks after complete resolution of airway inflammation once again induced a Th2 polarized infiltrate, demonstrating intact immunological memory [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Immunologic Memory

• Induction of immunologic memory by a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Fusobacterium necrophorum: humoral response [11].
• These results suggested that in the absence of detectable anti-IBDV antibodies, protection of Cy-treated chickens from IBDV infection may occur via immunological memory mediated by CMI [12].

Biological context of Immunologic Memory

• The data show differences in the kinetics of IFN-gamma-producing alpha beta+ splenocytes consistent with immunologic memory [13].
• In B lymphocytes, CD40 signals contribute to the activation of Ab secretion, isotype switching, T cell costimulation, and immunological memory [14].
• Innate immunity (the early pattern-recognition responses to stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, viral proteins and bacterial DNA) needs to bridge the gap to specific immunity and antibody production and immunological memory [15].
• These results demonstrate that a single inoculation of an immunoglobulin heavy-chain DNA targeted to spleen lymphocytes leads to spontaneous integration of the transgene into the host DNA, and that this is sufficient to initiate immunity and establish immunologic memory [16].

Anatomical context of Immunologic Memory

• Thus, effector memory Th lymphocytes with memory for IL-4 or IL-10 expression are not intrinsically impaired in their proliferative potential and can play an essential role in reactive immunological memory and its regulation [17].
• We investigated the effect of human IL-10 (hIL-10) and viral IL-10 (vIL-10) on EBV-specific immunological memory, as assessed by the inhibition of EBV-induced B-cell transformation by the autologous T cells [18].
• The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes. IV. Role of IgD-bearing cells in the propagation of immunologic memory [19].
• Induction of immunologic "memory" to sheep erythrocytes was also blocked in C57BL/6 mice given virus before priming with the SRBC [20].
• Although IgG2a enhanced primary Ab responses, development of germinal centers, and immunological memory in wild-type mice, enhancement was markedly stronger in Fc gamma RIIB(-/-) mice [21].

Associations of Immunologic Memory with chemical compounds

• In the present studies, we asked whether immunologic memory to TT is established even in the vitamin A-depleted animal, and if so, whether such memory can be elicited after subsequent repletion with retinol [22].
• Immunologic memory to phosphocholine keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Recurrent mutations in the lambda 1 light chain increase affinity for antigen [23].
• Thus as an adjunct to CY, tumor-specific cloned HITc are capable of eradicating disseminated leukemia, persisting long-term in vivo, and providing specific immunologic memory [24].
• Moreover, Ampicillin-induced abridgement of infection, either before or at the time of peak primary response, resulted in the expression of greatly reduced levels of immunologic memory at a later time [25].
• However, nursling rats formed immunologic memory to TT because, when they were reimmunized at 40 d of age, their secondary anti-TT IgG response exceeded the primary response of 40-d-old vitamin A-sufficient rats (P < 0.02) [26].

Gene context of Immunologic Memory

• However, infection was limited to a subset of cells expressing low levels of CCR5 and markers of immunologic memory [27].
• In a previous study we have shown that interleukin 2 (IL-2)-secreting, irradiated, MBT-2 cell preparations were capable of curing animals from orthotopically established tumors and engendered protective immunological memory in the cured animals [28].
• In order to determine the mechanism of generation of immunological memory, we used the splenic focus assay to analyze primary and in vitro generated secondary phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cell precursors in CBA/CaHN-xid/J mice (CBA/N) expressing an X-linked immune defect (xid) [29].
• We recently used a modification of gene therapy (naked DNA vaccination) to induce immunological memory against self-pro-inflammatory chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha [30].
• IL-2 secreting, irradiated, tumor cell preparations were capable of curing animals with s.c. established tumors, and induced immunological memory that protected animals from subsequent tumor challenge [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Immunologic Memory

• As the generation and regulation of immunologic memory is central to vaccination, our findings help explain the mode of action of the few existing polysaccharide vaccines and provide a rationale for a wider application of polysaccharide-based strategies in vaccination [32].
• With the use of flow cytometric cross-match for testing current sera, false-negative results could be eliminated and the outcome of transplantation in this group of patients could be improved, assuming that immunological memory is effectively controlled with immunosuppression [33].
• Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that they induce protective levels of antibodies to group C polysaccharide in all age groups and, as T-cell dependent antigens, induce immunological memory and affinity maturation of anti-capsular antibodies [34].
• For the withdrawal of steroid, it is quite important to thoroughly inhibit the recipient immune responses during the induction phase of immunosuppression without any serious adverse effect, that the patient may not retain immunological memories against donor antigens for a long period [35].
• Secondary immunization with BSA alone in mice previously primed with BSA-TNP/IgG2a led to a dramatic increase of Ab production, showing that immune complexes are efficient inducers of immunological memory [36].

References