Disease relevance of levamisole

• Levamisole hydrochloride, a nonspecific immunostimulant, was given to 30 children with atopic dermatitis (AD) in a double-blind manner during an eight-month period [1].
• We report the fourth case of cerebral demyelinating disease associated with 5-fluorouracil and levamisole hydrochloride therapy for adenocarcinoma of the colon [2].
• A single intramuscular dose of 7 mg levamisole hydrochloride per kg body weight was administered to a herd of 42 milking cows suffering from lungworms [3].
• Toxicity and tissue residue depletion of levamisole hydrochloride in young goats [4].
• The pathophysiology of these side reactions is discussed and it is recommended that levamisole hydrochloride, as a probable alternative for the treatment of patent and occult filariasis, should be used only under close medical supervision [5].

High impact information on levamisole

• Levamisole hydrochloride will correct the chemotactic defect of neutrophils from anergic patients, in vitro, from 96.2 +/- 1.2 to 125.1 +/- 1.7 microns at concentrations of 10(-3) M to 10(-18) M [6].
• A randomized double-blind study of levamisole hydrochloride therapy in atopic dermatitis is reported [7].
• The acute toxicity of five antiparasitic drugs used in the veterinary field-amprolium hydrochloride (APH), bithionol (BT), levamisole hydrochloride (LVH), pyrimethamine (PYM) and trichlorfon (TRC)-to the aquatic organisms Oryzias latipes, Daphnia magna, and Brachionus calyciflorus was examined [8].
• Levamisole hydrochloride was administered orally at a dose of 7.5mg/kg body weights once daily for 2 days [9].
• Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of levamisole hydrochloride in goats with nematode infections [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of levamisole

• Levamisole (R 12564) in the prevention of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study [11].
• Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg of body weight, IM) and levamisole hydrochloride (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg/kg orally) were administered to groups of 4 cattle daily for 3 days [12].
• Drug trials with levamisole hydrochloride and diethylcarbamazine citrate in Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis [5].
• Ketoconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, BID, administered orally for 18 days, followed by 8 biweekly oral doses of levamisole hydrochloride at the rate of 9 mg/kg, resulted in regression of clinical signs of candidiasis in an adult male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) [13].
• The effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride as a microfilaricidal agent when used 3 weeks after thiacetarsamide sodium therapy for canine dirofilariasis, was studied in 6 experimental dogs and 20 clinical cases [14].

Biological context of levamisole

• The immunomodulating agent, levamisole hydrochloride, is known to enhance PMN chemotaxis [15].
• The effect of Decaris on phagocytosis [16].
• Levamisole hydrochloride was ineffective when given 4 days after infection but restored the blood clotting time to near normal soon after treatment when it was given 30 days after infection [17].
• Thirty-two Nili-Ravi buffaloes were used to determine the effect of prepartum immunopotentiation in late gestation with levamisole hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg), vitamin E+selenium (vitE-Se) (Etosol-SE, 10 ml intramuscularly) or Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) (0.5 ml/animal, subcutaneously) on postpartum reproductive performance [18].

Anatomical context of levamisole

• Tumoral immune complexes (TIC) were weak positive, while tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) weak negative predictors of the succes of Broncho-Waxom/Decaris immune therapy [19].

Associations of levamisole with other chemical compounds

• The rate of disappearance of levamisole in milk from cows given levamisole hydrochloride drench, levamisole resinate in feed pellets, levamisole hydrochloride boluses, or levamisole phosphate injectable was determined [20].
• Four commercially available ruminant anthelmintics (albendazole, ivermectin, levamisole hydrochloride and coumaphos) were initially evaluated at concentrations of 200, 150, 100 and 50 micrograms ml-1 [21].
• Trichostrongylus colubriformis was most sensitive to levamisole hydrochloride, morantel, thiabendazole and paraherquamide whereas ivermectin, oxfendazole and albendazole were more effective against H. contortus [22].

Gene context of levamisole

• Albino mice (Balb c/nut) experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus were treated with levamisole hydrochloride ('Nemicide'--ICI Pharmaceutical PLC) by oral drenching or subcutaneous injection at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 [23].
• Modulating effects of levamisole (NSC-177023) on human lymphocyte response in vitro [24].
• Levamisole: possibilities of immunomodulation in the basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunological observations in a one-year decaris treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients [25].
• The effect of L-tetramisole (Levamisole, Decaris) on the physiological interferon beta (INF beta) production by freshly isolated peritoneal cells of BALB/c, NZB and C3H mouse strains was studied [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of levamisole

• Moderation in her clinical disease and immunologic measurements has been observed after treatment with levamisole hydrochloride [27].
• In a subsequent titration study, albendazole, levamisole hydrochloride, ivermectin and the hydrazone were significantly active at 100 and 10 micrograms ml-1; only levamisole hydrochloride and the hydrazone were active at 1.0 microgram ml-1 [21].
• Solid-phase extraction and HPLC determination of levamisole hydrochloride in sheep plasma [28].
• Patients with Hodgkin's disease (stage IIIB and IV) after being rendered with combination chemotherapy disease-free, were alternatively allocated to either a group receiving levamisole treatment (Decaris) or to a control group receiving no further therapy until there was evidence of recurrent disease [29].

References