Disease relevance of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") [1].
• Protection against 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration produced by glutathione depletion in rats is mediated by attenuation of hyperthermia [2].
• The role of mitochondrial uncoupling in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-mediated skeletal muscle hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis [3].
• Induction of malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") [4].
• Activation of this latter structure may partly explain the bruxism (grinding of the jaw) reported by human 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users [5].

Psychiatry related information on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effects [6].
• Diversity of psychopathology associated with use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy') [7].
• A dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity was seen with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (0, 5 and 20 mg/kg) that continued for at least 2 h following administration [5].
• RATIONALE: Research concerning spatial memory in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users has presented conflicting results showing either the presence or absence of spatial memory deficits [8].
• The acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) on anxiety-related behaviours were studied using indices of social interaction in Dark Agouti (DA) both drug naive rats and those pretreated with MDMA (15 mg/kg i.p.) 3 weeks earlier [9].

High impact information on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") [10].
• OBJECTIVE: The long-term effects of the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) in humans are controversial and unclear [11].
• (+) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychedelic drug of abuse that causes selective degeneration of serotonergic fibers of dorsal raphe neurons that project throughout the forebrain [12].
• (+) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy') transiently increases striatal 5-HT1B binding sites without altering 5-HT1B mRNA in rat brain [12].
• Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• RATIONALE: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") use has been associated with acute toxicities and persistent depletion of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) [14].
• Alterations in diurnal and nocturnal locomotor activity in rats treated with a monoamine-depleting regimen of methamphetamine or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [15].
• Severe and malignant hyperthermia is a frequently reported factor in emergency department (ED) visits and fatalities in which use of amphetamine drugs, such as (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and (+)methamphetamine (METH), is confirmed [16].
• Reinforcement schedule effects in rats trained to discriminate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or cocaine [17].
• Dantrolene use in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)-mediated hyperthermia [18].

Biological context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• Together, these data suggest that the presence of a functional 5-HTT is essential for brain 5-HT homeostasis and for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced hyperactivity [19].
• Neurochemistry and neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") [20].
• 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced alterations in hippocampal receptor gene expression may play a role in the mood and behavioural changes associated with this drug of abuse [21].
• In rabbits clozapine reverses ear pinna vasoconstriction induced either by administration of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) or by exposing the animal to a cold environment [22].
• 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and alcohol interactions in humans: psychomotor performance, subjective effects, and pharmacokinetics [23].

Anatomical context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• In vivo analysis of serotonin clearance in rat hippocampus reveals that repeated administration of p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), but not 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), leads to long-lasting deficits in serotonin transporter function [24].
• 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine increased the immunoreactivity of pro-interleukin-1beta in frontal cortex, not in hypothalamus, 3 h and 6 h after administration [25].
• "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA), is a derivative of amphetamine with hepatotoxic effects that has been shown to induce apoptosis of cultured liver cells [26].
• In 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-treated monkeys, there is a profound loss of serotonergic axon terminals, yet some are consistently spared [27].
• Binge administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") impairs the survival of neural precursors in adult rat dentate gyrus [28].

Associations of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine with other chemical compounds

• The R-(-)- and S-(+)-isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) were prepared, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and then used as standards in a series of capillary electrophoresis (CE) experiments [29].
• Panic disorder induced by large doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine resolved by paroxetine [30].
• The acute and long-term effects of the local perfusion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the interaction with the mitochondrial inhibitor malonate (MAL) were examined in the rat striatum [31].
• Effects of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and methamphetamine on temperature and activity in rhesus macaques [16].
• RATIONALE: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative, which is neurotoxic to both serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA) nerve terminals [32].

Gene context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• Moreover, there were concomitant 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced decreases in catalase activity in the caudate-putamen and hippocampus, decreases in glutathione peroxidase activity in the frontal cortex as well as increases in lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex, caudate-putamen, and hippocampus of wild-type mice [33].
• Identification and characterization of metallothionein-1 and -2 gene expression in the context of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced toxicity to brain dopaminergic neurons [34].
• Here we show that mice deficient in a mitochondrial protein known as UCP-3 (for 'uncoupling protein-3') have a diminished thermogenic response to the drug MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, nicknamed 'ecstasy') and so are protected against this dangerously toxic effect [35].
• 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine increased mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNA expression throughout the hippocampus after 16 h [21].
• Because 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is reported to stimulate DA synthesis by a 5-HT2 receptor-dependent mechanism, these observations suggest that METH and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine regulate the central dopaminergic system in a different manner [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• Stacking and low-temperature technique in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [37].
• PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) on the human brain by using diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging [38].
• Enantiomeric differences in the effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on extracellular monoamines and metabolites in the striatum of freely-moving rats: an in vivo microdialysis study [39].
• Acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on brain serotonin synthesis in the dog studied by positron emission tomography [40].
• RATIONALE: A variety of animal models have shown MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) to be a selective 5-HT neurotoxin, though little is known of the long-term behavioural effects of the pathophysiology [41].

References