Disease relevance of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• Endoscopic therapy consisted of intravascular injection of ethanolamine oleate in varices newly developed at the midesophagus level [1].
• Prevention of recurrence of esophageal varices after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate [2].
• Endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer; a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus ethanolamine oleate [3].
• Endoscopic local injection of ethanolamine oleate and thrombin as an effective treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcer: a controlled trial [4].
• Ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy for hydroceles and spermatoceles: a survey of 158 patients with ultrasound followup [5].

High impact information on ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• Haptoglobin to protect against renal damage from ethanolamine oleate sclerosant [6].
• During a 3-year period (June 1981-July 1984), 70 patients who presented with an endoscopically proven variceal bleed were randomized to receive either fiberoptic injection sclerotherapy (FIS, 36 patients) or a rigid scope technique (RIS, 34 patients), using ethanolamine oleate as the sclerosing agent [7].
• OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors predicting mortality from bleeding esophageal varices and to examine the possibility of an association between the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the use of ethanolamine oleate as an esophageal variceal sclerosant [8].
• Independent predictors of mortality (by stepdown logistic regression) were total volume of ethanolamine oleate injected during sclerotherapy, multiple blood transfusions, Glasgow Coma Scale score, International normalized ratio for prothrombin test, and the presence of circulatory shock on ICU admission [8].
• Oesophageal varices in 21 children with portal hypertension (intrahepatic 13, extrahepatic 8) were treated with sclerotherapy using ethanolamine oleate injected via a fibreoptic endoscope [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• Group A received EVS with 3-5 ml of ethanolamine oleate per varix and placebo injection at 50 microg/h; group B received the combined therapy of EVS and octreotide 50 microg/h continuously for 5 days [10].
• CONCLUSION: Sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol is as effective as with 5% ethanolamine oleate in preventing further bleeding in patients with portal hypertension [11].
• Selective venography of the gastric varices and injection of the sclerosing agent, a mixture of 10% ethanolamine oleate and iopamidol, through the microcatheter system without occluding the collateral veins was accomplished in one treatment session in all patients [12].
• A sclerosant with astringent properties developed in China for oesophageal varices: comparison with ethanolamine oleate and polidocanol [13].
• CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that initial control of fundal varices is more difficult than it is with cardiac varices, but butyl cyanoacrylate is superior to ethanolamine oleate, and the survival advantage from butyl cyanoacrylate seems to be partially related to the increased early bleeding deaths in the ethanolamine oleate group [14].

Biological context of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated in 20 patients with oesophageal varices, who underwent endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) with 5 per cent ethanolamine oleate (EO), by means of serial determination of plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and fibrinopeptide B beta 15-42 (B beta 15-42) [15].
• Injecting ethanolamine oleate near venules constricted them the longest and most effectively, but vasoconstriction in arterioles was transient [16].
• The rate of initial hemostasis in cardiac variceal bleeding did not differ significantly between the ethanolamine oleate and butyl cyanoacrylate groups (83% vs. 100%, p = 0.140) [14].
• The effect of the sclerosant 5% ethanolamine oleate (EO) on renal circulation was evaluated in 20 mongrel dogs into which we injected 5% EO (0.5 ml/kg) into the superior vena cava [17].
• Ethanolamine oleate (EO) used widely in sclerotherapy against esophageal varices was studied for its pharmacological effect on blood coagulation and vascular damage in animals [18].

Anatomical context of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• In the initial session in the endoscopic scleroligation group, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy was performed with injection of 5% ethanolamine oleate around the lower esophagus to obliterate the feeding veins [19].
• The thrombi caused by EO were mixed with red blood cells [20].
• Ultrasonographic and histologic evaluation of medial and middle patellar ligaments in exercised horses following injection with ethanolamine oleate and 2% iodine in almond oil [21].
• It is likely that, in this patient, the mucosal vessels communicated with the submucosal large varices, and ethanolamine oleate (EOI) flowed into the gastric mucosa via this communication [22].
• Hemodynamic and morphological changes in the dog kidney after injection of 5% ethanolamine oleate into the superior vena cava [17].

Associations of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE with other chemical compounds

• RESULTS: Sclerotherapy with both sclerosants resulted in similar eradication rates (approximately 90%), with comparable numbers of sessions required for eradication (5.4 and 5.9 sessions for absolute ethanol and 5% ethanolamine oleate, respectively) [11].
• Sixty-three patients received injection sclerotherapy using ethanolamine oleate (5% wt/vol) paravariceally while 55 received medical treatment in the form of general resuscitative measures, blood transfusion, vasopressin intravenous drip, and insertion of a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube if bleeding continued [23].
• Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration consisted of injecting 5% ethanolamine oleate iopamidol through the outflow vessels during balloon occlusion [24].
• In contrast, the hemostasis rate for fundal variceal bleeding was significantly higher in the butyl cyanoacrylate group than in the ethanolamine oleate group (88% vs. 50%, p = 0.023) [14].
• The quantitative variables were age, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin index, number of sessions of sclerotherapy, volume of ethanolamine oleate, time taken to reach the hospital and shock index [25].

Gene context of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• Then the residual varices around the ligated portion were sclerosed by ethanolamine oleate and the injected vessel was ligated using a pneumo-activated EVL device (EISL) [26].
• Two patients suffered from acute renal failure following the use of a larger than usual volume of ethanolamine oleate during the injection of varicose veins [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ETHANOLAMINE OLEATE

• The average volume of 5% ethanolamine oleate sclerosant used was 24.8, 19.2, 12.3 and 6.5 ml for the initial to fourth sessions of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, respectively [2].
• METHODS: Fifty-five patients with proven EHPVO underwent repeated injection sclerotherapy via either a modified rigid esophagoscope under general anaesthesia or a fiber-optic endoscope under light sedation, using ethanolamine oleate as the sclerosant [28].
• It is proposed that these complications were a consequence of the use of ethanolamine oleate as part of the injection regimen and caution against the use of this material is needed, particularly as current clinical trials suggest that sclerosants offer no advantage over injection therapy with dilute adrenaline alone [29].
• The left gastric vein was catheterized for repeated injection of 5 per cent ethanolamine oleate during the postoperative period [30].
• Taking into considering the overall risk of treating rectal varices, we chose the approach of double balloon-occluded embolotherapy (DBOE) with 5% ethanolamine oleate with iopamodol as a liquid embolic material [31].

References