Disease relevance of Phlebography

• Group 1 (41 patients) received a fixed dose of 3500 IU of heparin subcutaneously ever eight hours; 16 of the 41 (39 per cent) had deep-vein thrombosis diagnosed by venography [1].
• Ultrasound identified an additional 3 cases of soleal vein thrombosis, but venography did not visualize these veins [2].
• Computed tomography and adrenal venography with selective adrenal vein catheterization for determination of aldosterone/cortisol ratios were helpful in the distinction between adenoma and bilateral hyperplasia [3].
• The finding of asymmetrical adrenal uptake of 6-[131I]methyl-19-nor-cholesterol and a tumor image in the right adrenal on venography led to the preoperative diagnosis of pituitary ACTH-dependent adrenal hyperfunction coexisting with a right adrenal adenoma [4].
• Obesity does not induce abnormal CSF pressure in subjects with normal cerebral MR venography [5].

Psychiatry related information on Phlebography

• Deep vein thrombosis was detected by venography in 35 of 54 patients (65%) in the placebo group and in 8 of 41 patients in the enoxaparin group (19%), a risk reduction of 71%, P less than 0.0001 [6].

High impact information on Phlebography

• RESULTS: Venography was adequate in 116 patients in the placebo group and 117 in the enoxaparin group [7].
• The overall incidence of venous thrombosis as documented by venography was less in the 53 patients treated with warfarin than in the 37 treated with dextran (21% v 51%), as was the incidence of thrombi in the femoral or popliteal veins (2% v 16%) [8].
• The diagnosis of DVT was established by an uptake test using fibrinogen labeled with iodine 125; in patients undergoing hip replacement, phlebography was also employed to confirm or refute the presence of isotopic thrombi [9].
• For comparison venography was carried out on 10 women in whom pathology was considered to be a likely cause for their pain and 8 women admitted for tubal ligation and who had no pain [10].
• The plasma concentration of the platelet-specific protein beta-thromboglobulin was measured in fourteen patients who had been investigated for deep venous thrombosis by venography or 125I-fibrinogen scanning [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Phlebography

• Leg venography with either 50% sodium diatrizoate or 60% meglumine diatrizoate was performed on 31 patients suspected of having deep venous thrombophlebitis [12].
• The radiation dosimetry of 195mAu used in this way is lower than contrast and technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin [( 99mTc]MAA) venography, making it particularly useful for investigating deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy [13].
• There was significantly less thrombophlebitis with Hexabrix than with Conray and the authors conclude that Hexabrix is safer for phlebography [14].
• Of these, acute thrombophlebitis was confirmed by radiopaque venography in 12 and by clinical evaluation and subsequent hospital course in eight [15].
• At bilateral venography, deep vein thrombosis was found in 20.5% (16/78) of patients who had received s.c. melagatran and oral ximelagatran and in 18.5% (5/27) of patients in the dalteparin group [16].

Biological context of Phlebography

• The aim of the study was to determine the inter-observer agreement between the local and central assessment of venographies in a multicenter trial comparing enoxaparin and placebo in the prevention of DVT after elective neurosurgery [17].
• Perfusion lung scans performed immediately after radionuclide venography were supplemented by inhalation scans (99mTc-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid aerosol) in case of perfusion defects [18].
• A total of 149 consecutive unselected patients (221 limbs) who presented with signs and symptoms of chronic venous problems (varicose veins with or without ankle oedema, skin changes and leg ulcers) have been studied by clinical examination, ascending deep to superficial venography, Doppler ultrasound and ambulatory venous pressure measurements [19].
• The purpose of this study was to investigate possible relationships between the asymmetry of transverse sinuses in TOF MR venography and intraocular pressures of right and left eyes [20].
• Further enhancement of venous opacification by the combination of temporary arterial vasoconstriction with angiotensin (pharmaco-occlusion phlebography) and venous balloon occlusion is useful in some cases [21].

Anatomical context of Phlebography

• Radioisotope phlebography of the lower extremities and pulmonary scintigraphy, using technetium-99 macroaggregated albumin, were performed in all 17 patients who had positive findings of paradoxical contrast embolization and in 12 patients whose findings were negative [22].
• Upper extremity digital subtraction venography with gadoterate meglumine before fistula creation for hemodialysis [23].
• Tumor invasion of the renal vein and inferior vena cava was visualized in 7 patients by magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computerized tomography and venography but not by excretory urography [24].
• Duplex findings were not suggestive of venous obstruction or reflux, but venography documented no filling of the common iliac vein or inferior vena cava, and outflow was via collaterals to the azygous and hemiazygous systems [25].
• Leg phlebographies were normal in 18 (60%) patients in the femoral vein group and 26 (84%) patients in the superior vena cava group [26].

Associations of Phlebography with chemical compounds

• Of three localizing procedures (selective adrenal venography, adrenal computed tomographic scan, and adrenal venous sampling for plasma aldosterone concentration) the measurement of adrenal venous plasma aldosterone concentration yielded 100 percent accuracy [27].
• Intracranial venous system: gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR venography with auto-triggered elliptic centric-ordered sequence--initial experience [28].
• Use of iohexol for venography is associated with minor side effects in approximately one-fifth of patients, and serious adverse reactions necessitating therapy are rare [29].
• The authors conclude that metrizamide is the contrast medium of choice for phlebography [30].
• Four of 14 patients receiving meglumine diatrizoate experienced pain during venography, as compared to 14 of 17 patients receiving sodium diatrizoate (p less than 0.004) [12].

Gene context of Phlebography

• We have studied systemic global fibrinolytic activity and protein concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in plasma of 25 young patients with a previous instance of spontaneous deep vein thrombosis documented by phlebography and in 50 healthy controls [31].
• Using radionuclide and contrast venography as well as necropsy and laparotomy examination, we investigated 162 unselected southern African Blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma together with appropriate controls for the presence of membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava [32].
• Our findings illustrate the need for venography in all patients undergoing venous sampling of ACTH because an understanding of the venous drainage patterns is essential to correctly interpret venous sampling data and warn physicians that the lateralization data may be incorrect or unreliable [33].
• Evaluation of the inferior vena cava by sonography and venography in children with renal and hepatic tumors [34].
• METHODS: Fifty-three consecutive postarthroplasty patients (30 THR, 23 TKR) (16 women, 37 men; mean age 71 yr; range 52-85 yr) underwent scintigraphic scanning with 99mTc-rt-PA and contrast venography, on the operated leg, in order to assess the accuracy of this new technique in these asymptomatic patients [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Phlebography

• These results demonstrate that platelet scintigraphy, a test that permits imaging for up to five days after a single injection, correlates favorably with contrast venography in patients who have not received heparin and may be used as a surveillance test in high-risk patients [36].
• Randomized trials comparing low-molecular-weight heparin administered at different times relative to surgery with oral anticoagulants in patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty, evaluated using contrast phlebography, were selected [37].
• Fifty consecutive patients with suspected herniated nucleus pulposus at L4-5 or L5-S1 were evaluated prospectively with both epidural venography and iophendylate myelography [38].
• METHODS: 159 patients undergoing total hip replacement were randomized to receive 10, 15 or 20 mg desirudin bid or 5000 IU unfractionated heparin tid immediately before surgery and then for 11 days, until bilateral venography was performed [39].
• The platelets accumulated in venous thrombi in 6 or 7 patients (86%) with positive findings on impedance plethysmography or contrast venography; all 6 were receiving intravenous heparin [40].

References