Disease relevance of glyceraldehyde

• Carbohydrate fluxes into alginate biosynthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii NCIB 8789: NMR investigations of the triose pools [1].
• The addition of the triose D-glyceraldehyde (5-20 mM) to HIT-T15 hamster insulinoma cells caused a rapid, marked depolarisation of the plasma membrane accompanied by a pronounced intracellular acidification, an increase in the cytosolic free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i and enhanced secretion of insulin [2].
• An increase in phosphorylase a and aldolase activity levels suggested the increased formation of triose sugars during phosphamidon toxicity [3].

High impact information on glyceraldehyde

• Methylglyoxal is a highly reactive dicarbonyl degradation product formed from triose phosphates during glycolysis [4].
• Comparison of the deduced sequence of pea p36 to that of other known proteins indicates a striking homology to a protein from spinach chloroplasts that was previously suggested to be the triose phosphate-3-phosphoglycerate-phosphate translocator (phosphate translocator) (Flügge, U [5].
• The triose phosphate-3-phosphoglycerate-phosphate translocator from spinach chloroplasts: nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA clone and import of the in vitro synthesized precursor protein into chloroplasts [6].
• Expression of the coding region of the GPT in transformed yeast cells and subsequent transport experiments with the purified protein demonstrated that the GPT protein mediates a 1:1 exchange of glucose 6-phosphate mainly with inorganic phosphate and triose phosphates [7].
• Transport was diminished only in triose-depleted cells where metabolite flow through PGK was presumably absent [8].

Biological context of glyceraldehyde

• We measured gluconeogenesis (GNG) in rats by mass isotopomer distribution analysis, which allows enrichment of the true biosynthetic precursor pool (hepatic cytosolic triose phosphates) to be determined [9].
• (2)H NMR analysis of purified glycogen revealed that hepatocytes with overexpressed GK synthesized a larger portion of their glycogen from triose phosphates and a smaller portion from tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates than cells with overexpressed glycogen-targeting subunits [10].
• The genes cggR, gapA, pgk, tpi, pgm and eno, encoding the enzymes required for the interconversion of triose phosphates, are transcribed as a hexacistronic operon as demonstrated by Northern analysis [11].
• These results demonstrated that the arabinose carbon skeleton is formed via the nonoxidative pentose shunt and not via hexose decarboxylation or via triose condensations [12].
• Both fructose and D-glyceraldehyde stimulated the phosphorylation of glucose as estimated by the release of 3H2O from [2-3H]glucose, but the triose was less potent in this respect than fructose and its effect disappeared earlier [13].

Anatomical context of glyceraldehyde

• Three models of disturbed erythrocyte metabolism, triose-depleted normal, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)-deficient, and pyruvate kinase (PK)-deficient cells, have been studied to examine further the role of PGK in erythrocyte cation transport [8].
• Variations in f show that the 13C labeling of triose phosphates was not equal in all hepatocytes, even when exposed to the same substrate concentrations and enrichments [14].
• The triose-induced elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was not potentiated by the presence of 3 mM glucose, and oxidation of labeled GA by the islet cells was not enhanced by the presence of glucose [15].
• Thus, the expression of cp-FBPase in tubers allows for a new route of starch biosynthesis from triose-phosphates imported from the cytosol [16].
• Glycogen synthesis following glucose microinjection in frog oocytes proceeds preferentially by an indirect pathway involving gluconeogenesis from triose compounds [17].

Associations of glyceraldehyde with other chemical compounds

• It is produced primarily from triose phosphates and is detoxified to D-lactate (DL) by the glyoxalase pathway [18].
• To investigate Saccharomyces cerevisiae physiology during growth on the conditionally toxic triose dihydroxyacetone (DHA), protein expression was studied in strains overexpressing either of the two dihydroxyacetone kinase isogenes, DAK1 or DAK2, that grow well utilizing DHA as a carbon and energy source [19].
• The role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis from precursors entering the pathway at the level of triose phosphates or pyruvate is discussed [20].
• Triosidines: novel Maillard reaction products and cross-links from the reaction of triose sugars with lysine and arginine residues [21].
• The role of the highly reactive triose sugars glyceraldehyde and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in protein cross-linking and other amino acid modifications during the Maillard reaction was investigated [21].

Gene context of glyceraldehyde

• Combined, these data strongly suggest that glucose flux in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways at the level of triose intermediates could control expression of GR mRNA and participate in controlling its own metabolism [22].
• Paralogues of dihydroxyacetone kinase also occur in association with transcription regulators and proteins of unknown function pointing to biological roles beyond triose metabolism [23].
• Although CEL was formed in highest yields during the reaction of methylglyoxal and triose phosphates with lysine and protein, it was also formed in reactions of pentoses, ascorbate and other sugars with lysine and RNase [24].
• Two bands each of triose phsophate isomerase, fumarase and aldolase are present in brain, but only one band of these enzymes is present in neuroblastoma cells [25].
• NMR analysis of site-specific mutants of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. An investigation of the triose-binding site [26].

References