Disease relevance of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• Sequence and structure of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus [1].
• Nucleotide polymorphism and evolution in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapA) in natural populations of Salmonella and Escherichia coli [2].
• Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI; D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.1) deficiency is a recessive disorder that results in hemolytic anemia and neuromuscular dysfunction [3].
• We have shown that a Mr 37,000 protein whose expression is strongly enhanced in human lung cancer tissues is the subunit of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) [4].
• Residue Asp60 of the tryptophan synthetase alpha chain of Escherichia coli is though to interact with the pyrrole NH of substrate indole-3-glycerol phosphate and facilitate its cleavage to indole and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate [5].

Psychiatry related information on GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• The cooperative behavior of yeast D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Dehydrogenase as studied by the formation of the fluorescent NAD derivative [6].

High impact information on GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• The results also demonstrate an early decrease in transcription for carbonic anhydrase form I, which precedes decreases in transcription for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and rRNA genes [7].
• We identified ARABIDOPSIS: cytosolic proteins that bound 14-3-3s in competition with a 14-3-3-binding phosphopeptide, including nitrate reductase, glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a calcium-dependent protein kinase, sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and glutamyl-tRNA synthetase [8].
• Four of these enzymes (glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, aldolase, phosphoglycerate mutase, and enolase) were also identified in an intermembrane space/outer mitochondrial membrane fraction [9].
• Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-S, a sperm-specific glycolytic enzyme, is required for sperm motility and male fertility [10].
• The method is applied to the encounter of substrate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, with triose phosphate isomerase, a diffusion-controlled enzyme with flexible peptide loops at its active sites [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• Tyrosine quenching of tryptophan phosphorescence in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus [12].
• 1. Treatment with methyl acetimidate was used to probe the topography of several tetrameric glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases, in particular the holoenzymes from rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus [13].
• We examined a further enzyme, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12), by comparison with creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), in the early diagnosis of such infarctions [14].
• This rather conservative substitution is moreover shown to improve thermostability in two other structurally unrelated proteins, human copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Bacillus subtilis [15].
• In Escherichia coli, the isoprene unit is synthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the recently discovered nonmevalonate pathway [16].

Biological context of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• Two independent cis-acting insulin response elements (IREs) in the gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12], designated IRE-A and IRE-B, are sufficient to direct insulin-inducible gene expression [17].
• M.1 monoclonal antibody has previously been shown to passively transfer partial resistance to schistosome infection within mice and to recognize a 28-kDa antigen that has peptide sequence homology with triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI; D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.1) [18].
• To address this question, the gene encoding a sluggish mutant triose-phosphate isomerase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.1) has been subjected to random mutagenesis over its whole length by using "spiked" oligonucleotide primers [19].
• This protein is identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase on the basis of N-terminal amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, and enzymic activity [20].
• A rapid filtration technique was used to analyze the kinetics of the binding reaction between glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase and the band 3 protein of the human erythrocyte membrane [21].

Anatomical context of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• Mild ergometric exercise rapidly increased the levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate plus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and 2,3-DPG in patients' circulating erythrocytes but did not in those of normal subjects [22].
• Interaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with isolated microsomal subfractions of skeletal muscle [20].
• These data show that glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase can bind to sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticular membranes [23].
• However, pretreatment of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and ribonuclease A with BOH increased their rate of degradation by isolated lysosomes [24].
• The oxidation of glyceraldehyde phosphate by the enzyme is slowly but progressively inhibited by terminal cisternae, longitudinal reticulum, and transverse tubules [20].

Associations of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE with other chemical compounds

• These are carboxylic reductase, and three ferredoxin-dependent oxidoreductases which oxidize various aldehydes, formaldehyde and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate [25].
• Role of adenine ring and adenine ribose of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in binding and catalysis with alcohol, lactate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases [26].
• We show here that phosphoribulokinase exerts an imprinting on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which affects its catalysis by decreasing the energy barrier of the reactions with NADH or NADPH by 3.8 +/- 0.5 and 1.3 +/- 0.3 kJ.mol(-1) [27].
• The alpha-subunit (TrpA) catalyzes the cleavage of indoleglycerol phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and indole, which is channeled to the active site of the associated beta-subunit (TrpB1), where it reacts with serine to yield tryptophan [28].
• In this investigation, we have sequenced the DNA between the prkB and rbpL genes and provide evidence for three distinct open reading frames which encode additional structural genes of the Calvin reductive pentose phosphate pathway; these genes encode the enzymes transketolase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, and aldolase [29].

Gene context of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• The chromatin structure of TDH3, one of three genes encoding glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was analyzed by nuclease digestion [30].
• In cultured mesangial cells, TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 transiently increased the CTGF/glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA ratio up to threefold versus control at 4 h [31].
• In a previous study of Arabidopsis thaliana (J. Dewdney, T.R. Conley, M.-C. Shih, H.M. Goodman [1993] Plant Physiol 103: 1115-1121), it was postulated that both blue light receptor- and phytochrome-mediated pathways contribute to regulation of the nuclear genes encoding A and B subunits of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPA and GAPB) [32].
• Expression of nuclear genes that encode the A and B subunits of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPA and GAPB) of Arabidopsis is known to be regulated by light [33].
• We also analyzed the expression of glutathione transferase P (GST-P; glutathione transferase, EC 2.5.1.18), c-jun and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, EC 1.2.1.12) [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

• Kinetic studies of crystalline enzymes by single crystal microspectrophotometry. Analysis of a single catalytic turnover in a D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase crystal [35].
• The chain oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH by perhydroxyl radicals and propagated by molecular oxygen was studied by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, 60Co gamma-ray, and pulse radiolysis [36].
• Probing the coenzyme specificity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases by site-directed mutagenesis [37].
• Identification of the arylazido-beta-alanyl-NAD+-modified site in rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by microsequencing and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry [38].
• Glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (total and isoenzyme activity) in the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction [14].

References