Disease relevance of nitramide

• Electrostatic interactions of the nitroimine group and bridgehead nitrogen in imidacloprid with particular nAChR amino acid residues are likely to have key roles in determining the selective toxicity of imidacloprid [1].
• The effects of the nitromethylene heterocycle imidacloprid on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of clonal rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells were studied using the single-channel patch clamp technique [2].
• Imidacloprid/moxidectin topical solution for the prevention of heartworm disease and the treatment and control of flea and intestinal nematodes of cats [3].
• Flea control with 3.75 mg of imidacloprid/kg of body weight ranged from 94.4 to 96.9% for days 14 to 28 and decreased to 91.6% by 34 days after treatment [4].
• Specific treatment for spider bites is provided by the polyvalent anti-arachnidic antiserum produced by Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil by immunizing horses with mixtures of venoms from Tityus serrulatus and T. bahiensis scorpions, as well as Phoneutria nigriventer and L. gaucho spiders [5].

Psychiatry related information on nitramide

• The hypothesis raised was whether imidacloprid could migrate into nectar and pollen, then modify flower attractiveness, homing behavior, and colony development [6].

High impact information on nitramide

• Recent studies using binding assays, molecular biology and electrophysiology suggest that both alpha- and non-alpha-subunits of nAChRs contribute to interactions of these receptors with imidacloprid [1].
• Neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists with potent insecticidal activity [7].
• A strong correlation between the frequency of the Y151S point mutation and the level of resistance to imidacloprid has been demonstrated by allele-specific PCR [7].
• To investigate the mechanism of neonicotinoid selectivity, we have examined the effects of mutations to basic amino acid residues in loop D of the nAChR acetylcholine (ACh) binding site on the interactions with imidacloprid [8].
• Computational, homology models of the agonist binding domain of the wild-type and mutant alpha4beta2 and Dalpha2beta2 nAChRs with imidacloprid bound were generated based on the crystal structures of acetylcholine binding proteins of Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of nitramide

• On day 0 the animals in the treatment group received 0.1ml/kg body weight of the combination imidacloprid/permethrin spot-on [9].
• A clinical field trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid, the active ingredient of Advantage 10% Spot-On, against natural lice infestations on dogs [10].
• Hazard- and risk-assessment methods overestimated the effects of zinc pyrithione but failed to predict imidacloprid impacts, probably because of deficiencies in the exposure and relevant toxicity data used [11].
• Because moderate to high dose imidacloprid in animals causes central nervous system activation similar to nicotine, including tremors, impaired pupillary function, and hypothermia, it is unclear whether imidacloprid had a causal role in the patient's initial drowsiness and dizziness [12].
• The acute toxicity of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, and zinc pyrithione (Zpt), a biocide used in anti-dandruff shampoos and protective antifouling paints, to three species of ostracods and two waterfleas, including Daphnia magna, was determined and compared under light and dark conditions [13].

Biological context of nitramide

• Finally, we reported that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of nAChR1 strongly affected the action of the widely used neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid [14].
• The agonist actions of imidacloprid and other nicotinic AChR ligands ((+)-epibatidine, (-)-nicotine and acetylcholine) were compared on both recombinant nicotinic AChRs by use of two-electrode, voltage-clamp electrophysiology [15].
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a major role in excitatory synaptic transmission in insects and are also the target site for chloronicotinyl insecticides such as imidacloprid [16].
• Human intestinal absorption of imidacloprid with Caco-2 cells as enterocyte model [17].
• Olefin LD50 values were lower than those of imidacloprid [18].

Anatomical context of nitramide

• Here, we have used whole-cell patch-clamp recording of cholinergic neurons cultured from the central nervous system of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae to examine the actions of acetylcholine (ACh) and nicotine, as well as the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin and P-CH-clothianidin on native nAChRs of these neurons [19].
• 2. XENOPUS: oocytes expressing wild-type alpha7 nicotinic receptors respond to imidacloprid with rapid inward currents [20].
• Without the addition of an electron donor, rabbit liver cytosol reduces IMI only to IMI-NO at a slow rate [21].
• The effects of the nitromethylene heterocycle, imidacloprid, on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-channel of clonal rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells were studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch clamp methods [22].
• In order to assess the risk to mammals of a chronic exposure to imidacloprid (IMI), we investigated its absorption with the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line [17].

Associations of nitramide with other chemical compounds

• Determination of imidacloprid and its metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid in greenhouse air by application of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with solid-phase extraction [23].
• Degradation of imidacloprid in water by photo-Fenton and TiO2 photocatalysis at a solar pilot plant: a comparative study [24].
• Therefore, selamectin was more potent than either fipronil or imidacloprid in killing flea larvae in this in vitro assay system [25].
• Evaluation of the efficacy of a topically administered combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dog [9].
• Efficacy and safety of treatment with imidacloprid 10%+moiddectin 2.5% spot-on (Advocate((R)), Advantage multi((R)); Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) were tested in dogs naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei or Otodectes cynotis in a multi-centre, controlled, randomized, blinded field study conducted in France, Germany, Albania and the UK [26].

Gene context of nitramide

• Neonicotinoids such as the insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) act as agonists at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) [27].
• This is the first demonstration that imidacloprid selectively acts on Mp alpha2 and Mp alpha3 subunits, but not Mp alpha1, in M. persicae [28].
• Furthermore, we show that pre-existing Rst(2)DDT alleles in turn confer cross-resistance to imidacloprid [29].
• HSP27 was found to be underexpressed at concentrations of imidacloprid or endosulfan (as Techn'ufan) lower than IC50 [30].
• In contrast, no specific binding of imidacloprid was detected when D alpha3 was co-expressed with the mammalian neuronal beta4 subunit, or with the muscle-type (gamma or delta) subunits [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of nitramide

• The models indicate that the nitro group of imidacloprid interacts directly with the introduced basic residues at position 77, whereas those at position 79 either prevent or permit such interactions depending on their electrostatic properties, thereby explaining the observed functional changes resulting from site-directed mutagenesis [8].
• We developed a method for the determination of low amounts of imidacloprid in soils, plants (leaves and flowers), and pollens by using HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS) [32].
• Determination of imidacloprid in vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection [33].
• Under normal laboratory conditions, UV light had no significant influence on the outcome of toxicity bioassays, although in the case of imidacloprid both EC(50) and LC(50) calculated values were twice as high under the light as in the dark [13].
• Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid [34].

References