Disease relevance of Lymnaea

• Thus, the light green cells of the Lymnaea cerebral ganglion, known to produce a body growth-stimulating hormone, contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity during spring and gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity during fall [1].
• Like the latter proteins, the Lymnaea G alpha q C-terminus lacks a cysteine that could serve as a substrate for pertussis toxin [2].
• Exogenous orthosilicic acid (Si(OH)(4)) ameliorates the toxicity of Al(III) to the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, but its mechanism of action is unclear [3].
• Effect of thyrotropin releasing factor on body weight of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis [4].
• Nitric oxide mediates metabolism as well as respiratory and cardiac responses to hypoxia in the snail lymnaea stagnalis [5].

Psychiatry related information on Lymnaea

• Here, we address directly the question whether chemical appetitive conditioning of Lymnaea feeding behavior involves changes in the peripheral and/or central processing of the CS by using extracellular recording techniques to monitor neuronal activity at two stages of the sensory processing pathway [6].
• The amidated tetrapeptide Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2 (APGWamide) plays a key role in the control of male copulation behavior in the basommatophoran pulmonate freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis [7].

High impact information on Lymnaea

• A 13.1-kilodalton protein, cysteine-rich neurotrophic factor (CRNF), was purified from the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis by use of a binding assay on the p75 neurotrophin receptor [8].
• Instead, CCK/gastrin-specific antibodies might be cross-reacting with Asp-Phe-amides, like the lymnaDFamides, isolated from the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis [9].
• A novel G protein-coupled receptor mediating both vasopressin- and oxytocin-like functions of Lys-conopressin in Lymnaea stagnalis [10].
• We have cloned a receptor, named LSCPR, for vasopressin-related Lys-conopressin in Lymnaea stagnalis [10].
• The second repeat and the C-terminal part of the Lymnaea receptor are very similar to regions of a specific class of guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptors, the mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptors [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Lymnaea

• The molluscan vasopressin/oxytocin analogue Lys-conopressin excites neurons in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis [12].
• Previously, we identified cells with serotonin (5-HT) and FMRFamide (FMRFa)-like immunoreactivity in the osphradial ganglion of Lymnaea stagnalis [13].
• An identifiable histamine-containing neuron is located on the anterior dorsal surface of the visceral ganglion of Lymnaea stagnalis L [14].
• Nonylphenol polyethoxylate adjuvant mitigates the reproductive toxicity of fomesafen on the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in outdoor experimental ponds [15].
• To examine whether nitric oxide (NO)-generative neurons are included in the central circuitry for generation of feeding pattern in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, two staining techniques for NADPH diaphorase and serotonin (5-HT) were applied for its central nervous system (CNS) [16].

Biological context of Lymnaea

• Structural and functional evolution of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily: vasopressin-related conopressin is the only member present in Lymnaea, and is involved in the control of sexual behavior [17].
• The FMRFamide gene of the snail Lymnaea encodes tetrapeptides (FMRFamide/FLRFamide) and heptapeptides (GDPFLRFamide/SDPFLRFamide) on separate exons [18].
• The predicted amino acid sequence of this cDNA most closely resembles the Drosophila tyramine/octopamine receptor, the Locusta tyramine receptor, and an octopamine receptor (Lym oa1) that we recently cloned from Lymnaea [19].
• We undertook cysteine substitution mutagenesis and fluorophore conjugation at selected residue positions to map sites of ligand binding and changes in solvent exposure of the acetylcholine-binding protein from Lymnaea stagnalis, a nicotinic receptor surrogate [20].
• The first model, referred to as model I, was built from both the Lymnaea stagnalis acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) and the transmembrane (TM) domain of the Torpedo marmorata nAChR [21].

Anatomical context of Lymnaea

• To investigate this issue, we cloned a cDNA encoding a vasopressin-related peptide, Lys-conopressin, produced in the central nervous system of the gastropod mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis [22].
• X-ray analysis of Lymnaea stagnalis muscle fibres does not suggest that the sarcolemma is permeable to lanthanum ions [23].
• Cryosections of the cerebral ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis were placed on indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated conductive glass slides and covered with a thin layer of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid by electrospray deposition [24].
• Hemolymph NO3- in Pleurobranchaea was appreciably higher than values measured for the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis (3.2 +/- 0.2 x 10(-5) M) and for another opisthobranch, Aplysia californica (3.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) M) [25].
• Glutamate is the transmitter for N2v retraction phase interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system [26].

Associations of Lymnaea with chemical compounds

• Based on the high homology of genes coding for guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors, we have cloned a gene for the Lymnaea stagnalis 5-HT (5HTlym) receptor [27].
• The Lymnaea neurophysin and the vertebrate neurophysins share high sequence identity, which includes the conservation of all 14 cysteine residues [22].
• Upon stimulation with the signal, the neurones increase synthesis and release of monoamines [serotonin (5-HT) in Helisoma and dopamine in Lymnaea] that inhibit larval development acting via ergometrine-sensitive internal receptors [28].
• Myomodulin gene of Lymnaea: structure, expression, and analysis of neuropeptides [29].
• The suitability of neurons of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis as a test system for the neurotoxic side effects of antitumour Vinca alkaloids has been investigated, by studying the process of paracrystal induction by Vinca antitumour agents [30].

Gene context of Lymnaea

• In this study, we present a novel member of the family of EGF-like growth factors, an EGF homolog from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis (L-EGF), and we demonstrate that this protein has neurotrophic activity [31].
• Using one of the neurons (the cerebral giant cell) containing Lymnaea CREB1 mRNA, we showed that the injection of a CRE oligonucleotide inhibited a cAMP-induced, long-lasting synaptic plasticity [32].
• Structural characterization of a Lymnaea putative endoprotease related to human furin [33].
• LymnaDFamides, a new family of neuropeptides from the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Clue to cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in invertebrates [34]?
• Synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal regions inhibit Lymnaea PC2 enzyme activity in extracts of insulin-producing neurons, in which both L7B2 and Lymnaea PC2 are abundantly expressed [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Lymnaea

• Using this response as a bioassay, we purified the ligand for GRL106, Lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP), an RFamide-type decapeptide (TPHWRPQGRF-NH2) displaying significant similarity to the Achatina cardioexcitatory peptide (ACEP-1) as well as to the recently identified family of mammalian prolactin-releasing peptides [36].
• 1. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced currents were studied in completely isolated Lymnaea stagnalis neurones using the voltage-clamp technique [37].
• Using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, we have demonstrated a high rate of breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in Lymnaea nerve under basal conditions [38].
• In situ hybridization revealed that only a relatively few neurons showed strongly positive signals for Lymnaea CREB1 mRNA, whereas all the neurons in the CNS contained Lymnaea CREB2 mRNA [32].
• Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy and tannic acid study of dynamics of neurohaemal and non-synaptic peptide release by the caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis [39].

References