Disease relevance of Epim

• The deposition of Stx2 in the renal collecting duct epithelial cells of rats administered Stx2 intravenously has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, and these rats were shown to develop substantial morphological changes in the kidney tubules, associated with polyuria [1].

High impact information on Epim

• Epimorphin expression in intestinal myofibroblasts induces epithelial morphogenesis [2].
• To determine the effects of epimorphin on the epithelium, myofibroblasts were cocultured with the Caco2 cell line [2].
• Epimorphin/syntaxin 2 (epimorphin) is a mesenchymal protein expressed in the fetal gastrointestinal tract during villus morphogenesis [2].
• To determine the effects of epimorphin on crypt-villus axis formation in an in vivo model, rat gut endoderm was combined with epimorphin-transfected myofibroblasts and implanted into the chick intracoelomic cavity [2].
• In conclusion, these data indicate that the secretory and transcytotic pathways remain polarized in cholestatic hepatocytes and suggest that the pIgA-R traffics through postendosomal rab3D-, rab11a-, and syntaxin 2-associated compartments, implicating these proteins in the regulation of transcytosis [3].

Biological context of Epim

• Syntaxin 2 and endobrevin are required for the terminal step of cytokinesis in mammalian cells [4].
• Overexpression of syntaxin 4, but not of syntaxin 2 nor syntaxin 3, caused inhibition of FcepsilonRI-dependent exocytosis [5].
• This study was conducted to determine whether epimorphin protects IEC from oxidative stress [6].
• Hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) induced cell death in 92% of IEC-6 cells, but epimorphin dramatically diminished (88.7%) cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (P < 0.0001) [6].
• We examined the role of epimorphin on liver regeneration [7].

Anatomical context of Epim

• To elucidate its role in gut ontogeny, the epimorphin cDNA was transfected, in sense and antisense orientations, into a rat intestinal myofibroblast cell line, MIC 216 [2].
• The polarity of syntaxin 2 is reversed in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and it localizes to a narrow band on the lateral plasma membrane adjacent to the tight junctions [8].
• These observations indicate that the distinct carboxyl-terminal domains of the syntaxin 2 variants influence their biochemical and localization properties and may therefore confer upon these variants different functional roles in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking [9].
• Epimorphin expression in isolated 8-day intestinal lamina propria was higher in the distal small intestine and proximal colon than in the proximal small intestine [10].
• Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments using total RNA extracted from kidney and various organs revealed that both syntaxin-2 and -3 are expressed in kidney cortex and medulla [11].

Associations of Epim with chemical compounds

• A peptide derived from the N-terminus of syntaxin 2 or the C-terminus of SNAP-23 significantly inhibited Ca(2+)- and GTPgammaS-stimulated surfactant secretion from permeabilized type II cells in a dose-dependent manner [12].
• Syntaxin 2, SNAP-23, and annexin A2 co-localized with the CD44 clusters, which were cholesterol dependent [13].
• In wound assays, the number of migrated cells in the wound area decreased (72.5%) by treatment with 30 muM hydrogen peroxide, but epimorphin increased the number of migrated cells 3.18-fold (P < 0.0001) [6].
• In addition, epimorphin mRNA studied by Northern blot was also the highest in one ileal clone, in which it was selectively upregulated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment [10].

Other interactions of Epim

• Additional cDNA arrays revealed that several transcripts that were increased in abundance after 72 h of dDAVP were also increased after 4 h, including casein kinase IIbeta, beta-ENaC, aquaporin-3, UT-A, and syntaxin 2 [14].
• SNAP-23, syntaxin 2, and VAMP-2 were enriched in lipid rafts [13].
• Moderate to weak hybridization signal was detected for synaptotagmin III, SNAP-25b, and syntaxin 2 mRNA in the anterior and intermediate, but not in the posterior lobe of the pituitary [15].
• After 70% partial hepatectomy, mouse liver was collected on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 for immunohistochemistry and the detection of epimorphin mRNA and connexin 32 [7].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Epim

• An anti-epimorphin antibody inhibited hepatocytic differentiation of HSLCs in co-culture [16].
• RT-PCR analysis showed the existence of SNARE proteins, including syntaxin-2, -3, -4, SNAP-23, VAMP-2, and VAMP-7 [17].
• After partial hepatectomy, epimorphin mRNA was detected on day 3 and peaked at day 7, followed by protein expression [7].
• To clarify its role in fetal gut morphogenesis, epimorphin expression was examined during ontogeny, in an isograft model of ischemic injury and mucosal repair, and during intestinal adaptation after small bowel resection [18].
• In situ hybridization showed epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA in gestational day 14 (G14) and G15 intestinal mesenchymal cells and in the mucosal lamina propria during villus formation [18].

References