Disease relevance of Anxa2

• We found that rAN II enhanced plasmin generation on vascular endothelium in vitro and reduced thrombus formation in vivo, and concluded that enhancement of endothelial fibrinolytic activity by annexin II could modulate the hypercoagulable state of atherosclerosis [1].
• These results suggest that Anx2 is regulated by redox status, and that persistent operation of this adaptive mechanism plays a role in the proliferation and metastasis of oxidative stress-induced cancer [2].
• Increases in p11 and annexin II proteins correlate with differentiation in the PC12 pheochromocytoma [3].
• We speculate that annexin II may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension through stimulation of VSMC growth [4].

High impact information on Anxa2

• Fluorescent choleretic and cholestatic bile salts take different paths across the hepatocyte: transcytosis of glycolithocholate leads to an extensive redistribution of annexin II [5].
• This suggests that lithocholate and ursodeoxycholate treatment leads to a rapid induction of transcytosis and that annexin II exchange occurs upon membrane fusion at all stages of the hepatocyte transcytotic pathway [5].
• Treatment of couplets with glycine derivatives of lithocholate and ursodeoxycholate, but not cholate or chenodeoxycholate, led to a marked relocalization of annexin II, which initially became concentrated at the basolateral membrane, then moved to a perinuclear distribution and finally to the apical membrane as the incubation progressed [5].
• Fusion of lamellar body with plasma membrane is driven by the dual action of annexin II tetramer and arachidonic acid [6].
• Immunodepletion of annexin II from type II cell cytosol reduced its fusion activity [6].

Biological context of Anxa2

• Annexin II has been implicated in membrane fusion during the exocytosis of lamellar bodies from alveolar epithelial type II cells [6].
• Rat annexin II cDNA clones were isolated from a rat basophilic leukaemia cell plasmid library by cross-species hybridization with a mouse probe, and fully sequenced using the dideoxy-chain-termination method [7].
• Overexpression of Anx2 induced a higher cell proliferation rate in LLC-PK1 cells [2].
• In contrast, a decrease in proliferation leading to apoptosis was observed after Anx2 antisense treatment to cell lines established from Fe-NTA-induced RCCs [2].
• There was no correlation between liver microsomal glycogen content and G6Pase activity, but both protein abundance and mRNA of liver 36 kDa catalytic subunit of G6Pase (p36) were increased [8].

Anatomical context of Anxa2

• Annexin II is expressed by most sensory neurons of the DRG but is primarily expressed in the SC by glial cells [9].
• Heat shock protein 90alpha-dependent translocation of annexin II to the surface of endothelial cells modulates plasmin activity in the diabetic rat aorta [10].
• Recombinant annexin II modulates impaired fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in rat carotid artery [1].
• While the amount of annexin II associated to phagosomes was similar at all times of latex internalization, the levels of annexin VI were higher on late phagosomes [11].
• Messenger RNA and protein levels of Anx2 were increased time-dependently in the rat kidney after Fe-NTA administration as well as in LLC-PK1 cells after exposure to H2O2 [2].

Associations of Anxa2 with chemical compounds

• In the present study, we investigated annexin II-mediated membrane fusion by using isolated lamellar bodies and plasma membrane as determined by the relief of octadecyl rhodamine B (R18) self-quenching [6].
• Finally, plasmin activity was increased by high glucose or diabetes, and this change was partially reversed with an annexin II antibody [10].
• Anx2 was phosphorylated at serine and tyrosine residues in these cells and coimmunoprecipitated with phosphorylated actin [2].
• We conducted this study to clarify the significance of Anx2 in Fenton reaction-based carcinogenesis [2].
• Prenatal administration of dexamethasone (dex) resulted in a decrease of Anx 1 mRNA levels, and a strong increase in Anx 2 mRNA contents [12].

Other interactions of Anxa2

• FRT cells also express annexin II, a plasminogen receptor, suggesting that plasmin activity is associated with the pericellular enviroment [13].
• By immunohistochemistry, Anx 1 was detected only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of 1- to 3-day-old rats, Anx 2 and 6 both exhibited a redistribution from the cytoplasm toward the plasma membrane, and Anx 5 was present in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane [12].
• In addition, the increasing expression of two protein tyrosine kinases, epidermal growth factor-receptor/kinase and pp60src, which phosphorylate annexin I and annexin II, respectively, and of protein kinase C, which phosphorylates both proteins, was also shown during postnatal development in rat pancreatic islets [14].
• Syntaxin 2, SNAP-23, and annexin A2 co-localized with the CD44 clusters, which were cholesterol dependent [15].
• However, TGF-alpha did not alter protein levels of annexin II heavy chain [16].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anxa2

• Sequence analysis revealed that N02 cDNA encodes a p36 calpactin I heavy chain [17].
• Protein sequence analysis identified p36 as cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) [18].
• The involvement of annexin I and annexin II in the proliferation processes of hepatocytes was examined in the following aspects: (a) hepatocyte proliferation after carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage, (b) hepatocyte regeneration after partial hepatectomy and (c) postnatal development of hepatocytes [19].
• In contrast, antibodies to annexin II had no effect, and there was no evidence for the presence of the nuclear VDR on Western blots [20].
• AII from synaptic membranes was detected by immunoblotting as multiple species containing the monomer (AII36) and heterotetramer (AIIt) [21].

References