Disease relevance of HLA-DMA

• HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB alleles in German patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus [1].
• Idiopathic and secondary membranous nephropathy and polymorphism at TAP1 and HLA-DMA loci [2].
• HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB genotyping in patients with rheumatic diseases [3].
• HLA-DMA and DMB genes are not related to the susceptibility of JRA, psoriatic arthritis, Behcet's disease, and AS [3].
• The stratification analysis between DMA*0101/0101 and DMB*0103/0103 showed that a certain factor, controlled by a gene located between DMA and DMB, might provide strong protection against psoriasis, independently of Cw*0602, in our Korean population [4].

Psychiatry related information on HLA-DMA

• The most common findings in subjects with ring 6 include: profound to moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, prenatal growth failure, retarded bone age, epicanthal folds, flat nasal bridge, short neck, ears low-set or malformed, microphthalmia, and micrognathia [5].
• Fifty-three samples in 26 patients were analyzed for aliphatic amines (DMA and TMA), and the levels correlated with 2 neurophysiological tests, choice reaction time (CRT), and electroencephalogram (EEG) [6].

High impact information on HLA-DMA

• HLA-DM is encoded by two genes, DMA and DMB, which map to the MHC class II region, and shares some homology with MHC class I and class II proteins [7].
• We have isolated two new class II-like complementary DNA sequences, RING6 and RING7, which map between the HLA-DNA and -DOB loci [8].
• The dimerization of some vancomycin group antibiotics is strongly exothermic (-36 to -51 kJ.mol-1) and is promoted by a factor of 50-100 by a disaccharide attached to ring 4 (in vancomycin and eremomycin) and by a factor of ca. 1000 by an amino-sugar attached to the benzylic position of ring 6 in eremomycin [9].
• Dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid; DMA) is one of the major methylated metabolites of ingested arsenicals in most mammals [10].
• In the initiated groups (groups 1-5), DMA significantly enhanced the tumor induction in the urinary bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid gland, with respective incidences in group 5 (400 ppm DMA) being 80, 65, 65, and 45% [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of HLA-DMA

• Phase II trial of aminocamptothecin (9-AC/DMA) in patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer [11].
• It was observed that the serum concentrations of MMA, DMA and TML were significantly elevated in sera obtained from patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, hepatitis or hyperthyroidism, particularly the last condition [12].
• 4. Mescaline, DOM, TMA, DMA and 5 Me-ODMT also elicited myoclonus in a dose-dependent manner and in potency ratios which approximate the human experience for hallucinogenic activity [13].

Biological context of HLA-DMA

• They suggest that HLA-DMA and -DMB encode subunits of a functional heterodimer which is critical in the pathway of class II antigen presentation [14].
• The genomic nucleotide sequences of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB have been determined and their gene organizations have been compared with other human class II genes [15].
• Genomic organization of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB. Comparison of the gene organization of all six class II families in the human major histocompatibility complex [15].
• RESULTS: No significant difference in the phenotype frequencies of DMA and DMB alleles was observed between patients and controls [16].
• HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB gene expression functions through the conserved S-X-Y region [17].

Anatomical context of HLA-DMA

• HLA-DMA and -DMB genes are both required for MHC class II/peptide complex formation in antigen-presenting cells [14].
• We have evaluated the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway in malignant squamous epithelium of HPV+ cervical cancer lesions by in situ costaining HLA-DR with CLIP or DMA/DMB [18].
• Our data show that the resulting somatic cell hybrids present an inducible expression of mouse MHC class II antigens, Ii, DMA, and DMB [19].
• Functionally these can be grouped into three broad categories: those encoding the new class-II-related genes DMA and DMB; those involved in aspects of class-I antigen-processing and presentation, and those with no apparent association with the immune system [20].
• Here we show that the RAG cell line does not exhibit any induction by IFN-gamma of DMA, DMB, and the invariant chain (Ii) mRNAs, and that the induction is restored in somatic cell hybrids containing human chromosome 16 [19].

Associations of HLA-DMA with chemical compounds

• These data support a tentative scheme for the acetogenic fermentation of DCM involving interspecies formate transfer from strain DMA to the acetogenic bacterium DMB or to the methanogen M. hungatei [21].
• The class II region is better characterised, with evidence of one DRA, four DRB (one coding and three non-coding), one DQA1, two DQA2, and one each of the DQB1, DQB2, DNA, DOB, DYA, DYB, DMA, and DMB genes in the region [22].
• Induction of preneoplastic lesions (glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci in the liver and atypical tubules in the kidney) was also significantly increased in DMA-treated groups [10].
• All MAs are synthesized from l-Met, sharing the same pathway from l-Met to 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) [23].
• The iridium complex [Ir(COD)(PPh3)2]+ SbF6- reacts with tert-butyldimethylsilane in DMA to form [IrH2(Sol)2(PPh3)2]+ SbF6-, which is an active catalyst for the regioselective di- and trisilylation of a series of representative methyl hexopyranosides, beta-1,6-anhydrohexopyranosides and 1,3,5-O-methylidene inositol [24].

Other interactions of HLA-DMA

• This profile was also observed for genes encoding the invariant chain, the transcription factor class II transactivator (CIITA), and the enzymes involved in the peptide loading cathepsin S, HLA-DMA, and -DMB [25].
• Regarding the temporal relationship, a significant increase of whole-blood HLA-DRA, -DMA, -DMB, invariant chain, and CIITA mRNA level was observed in survivors (p = .001), whereas expressions remained low in nonsurvivors [25].
• HLA-DMA alleles are possible new markers of rheumatoid arthritis: study of a Corsican group [26].
• In this study, we report on the effect of polymorphism and matching of HLA-DMA, -DMB, and LMP2 genes on kidney graft outcome [27].
• Polymorphism of HLA-DMA and DMB alleles in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HLA-DMA

• DMA and DMB typing was achieved by PCR amplification followed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization and by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism [29].
• The study of the DMA gene could therefore prove to be very useful in the early diagnosis of RA [26].
• Sequence analysis of two novel HLA-DMA alleles [30].
• The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of HLA-DMA alleles with rejection episodes and early graft loss (EGL) in renal transplant recipients [31].
• HLA-DMA allele polymorphism: no impact on kidney allograft outcome [31].

References