Disease relevance of Enteroendocrine Cells

• Expression of SNARE proteins in enteroendocrine cell lines and functional role of tetanus toxin-sensitive proteins in cholecystokinin release [1].

High impact information on Enteroendocrine Cells

• The effects of GABA on gastrointestinal endocrine cell function have not been examined [2].
• Somatostatin is produced by gastrointestinal endocrine cells that have long, nonluminal, cytoplasmic processes [3].
• These findings provide in vivo evidence of the differential requirements for the level of Pdx1 gene activity in the specification and differentiation of the various organs of the posterior foregut, as well as in pancreas and gut endocrine cell differentiation [4].
• Thus, ngn3 is required for the differentiation of enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and the maintenance of gastric epithelial cell identity [5].
• The basic helix-loop-helix protein BETA2 interacts with p300 to coordinate differentiation of secretin-expressing enteroendocrine cells [6].

Biological context of Enteroendocrine Cells

• The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor BETA2/NeuroD is expressed in mammalian enteroendocrine cells and activates secretin gene expression [7].
• The CHH surge, which is a result of an unusual, almost complete discharge of the contents of the gut endocrine cell, regulates water and ion uptake during molting, thus allowing the swelling necessary for successful ecdysis and the subsequent increase in size during postmolt [8].
• Within the gut transgene expression was detected in a subset of enteroendocrine cells of the stomach and duodenal epithelium, some of which also exhibited glucagon-like polypeptide-1 immunoreactivity [9].
• Expression of the hormone secretin in enteroendocrine cells is restricted to the nondividing villus compartment of the intestine, implying that terminal differentiation is linked to cell cycle arrest and that differentiation is repressed in actively proliferating cells [10].
• CCKL1 transfection analysis in cultured cells also demonstrated enteroendocrine cell expression, with 100-fold enhanced activity in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1 compared with nonendocrine cell lines [11].

Anatomical context of Enteroendocrine Cells

• We postulate that PC1, presumably in the enteroendocrine cells, is essential for the normal absorptive function of the human small intestine [12].
• RESULTS: Both the proglucagon and the peptide YY cRNA probes hybridized to discrete cells in the ileal mucosa, the disposition of which corresponds to that reported for intestinal L cells [13].
• The actions of GLP-2 are mediated by a distinct GLP-2 receptor expressed on subsets of enteric nerves and enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and small and large intestine [14].
• PI-IBS is associated with modest increases in mucosal T lymphocytes and serotonin-containing enteroendocrine cells [15].
• High levels of hGH expression were noted in enterocytes as well as cells that histologically resembled enteroendocrine cells [16].

Associations of Enteroendocrine Cells with chemical compounds

• Developmental profile of chromogranin, hormonal peptides, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in gastrointestinal endocrine cells [17].
• RESULTS: No change in regional expression patterns was seen in response to the altered luminal environment by any of the enterocytic markers and four of the five enteroendocrine cell subpopulation markers [18].
• We have used immunocytochemical methods to characterize the spatial relationships of the serotonin-, secretin-, and substance P-containing enteroendocrine cell subsets in normal adult C57BL/6J x LT/Sv mice as well as in transgenic littermates that contain rat liver fatty acid-binding protein-human growth hormone fusion genes [19].
• Expression of the gene encoding neurotensin/neuromedin N (NT/N) is mostly limited to the brain and specialized enteroendocrine cells (N cells) of the distal small intestine [20].
• During recovery from ganciclovir treatment, the enteroendocrine cells repopulated the intestine in normal numbers, suggesting that a common early endocrine progenitor was spared [21].

Gene context of Enteroendocrine Cells

• The glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and GLP-2) are proglucagon-derived peptides cosecreted from gut endocrine cells in response to nutrient ingestion [14].
• Peptide YY(+) cells gave rise to all L-type enteroendocrine cells and to islet partial differential and PP cells [22].
• NPY is expressed exclusively in neurons, whereas PYY and PP are produced primarily in gut endocrine cells [23].
• Taken together, these results indicate that PC3 has the same specificity as the convertase that is responsible for the processing of proglucagon to tGLP-1, glicentin and oxyntomodulin in the intestinal L cell, and it is concluded that this enzyme is thus able to act alone in this processing pathway [24].
• Pax6 is expressed in enteroendocrine cells, binds to the G1 and G3 elements in the proglucagon promoter, and activates proglucagon gene transcription [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Enteroendocrine Cells

• GLP-2R protein was co-localized by confocal immunohistochemistry with serotonin in enteroendocrine cells and also with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-expressing and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive enteric neurons [26].
• Pax-2 antisera diminished the formation of a Pax-2-G3 complex in electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies using nuclear extracts from islet and enteroendocrine cell lines [27].
• Foxa3 was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in glucagon-producing cell lines and binds to the rat proglucagon gene G2 promoter element in GLUTag enteroendocrine cells [28].
• The effect of total parenteral nutrition in the rat on a sub-group of enteroendocrine cells [29].
• CONCLUSIONS: Whole-body irradiation in rats significantly alters plasma gastrin levels, and several gut endocrine cell densities [30].

References