Disease relevance of Cryoglobulinemia

• Hepatitis B antigen associated with cryoglobulinemia, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy [1].
• Thus, we studied HVR clones isolated from cryoprecipitate and supernatant in the sera of four chronic hepatitis C patients with cryoglobulinemia, and expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) [2].
• In conclusion, we found a significant association between HCV infection and PCT, lichen planus, vitiligo, cryoglobulinemia, membranoproliferative GN, and NHL [3].
• Absence of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide in sera of patients with hepatitis C virus infection and cryoglobulinemia [4].
• Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, cutaneous vasculitis, and mixed-type cryoglobulinemia in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma [5].

High impact information on Cryoglobulinemia

• Although much has been learned about the molecular basis of immunoglobulin M (IgM) rheumatoid factors (RFs) in healthy individuals and in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and rheumatoid arthritis, little is known about the genetic origins of the potentially pathogenic IgG RFs in the inflamed rheumatoid synovia of patients [6].
• None were detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and idiopathic cryoglobulinemia [7].
• Polymerase chain reaction detected HCV RNA in 13 of 16 sera from patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia [8].
• Similar skin vascular and glomerular lesions associated with cryoglobulinemia can be induced in normal mice by injection of a monoclonal antibody (mAb)--6-19 (gamma 3 heavy chain and kappa light chain), exhibiting both cryoglobulin and anti-IgG2a rheumatoid factor (RF) activities--derived from the MRL-lpr/lpr autoimmune mouse [9].
• We evaluated the effects of interferon and ribavirin on serum, B-lymphocyte HCV RNA, and t(14; 18) in 30 HCV+, t(14;18)+ patients without either mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome or other LPDs [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Cryoglobulinemia

• Thus, blocking C5 is a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing renal injury in cryoglobulinemia [11].
• Reversal of systemic manifestations of cryoglobulinemia. Treatment with melphalan and prednisone [12].
• With intermittent chlorambucil and prednisone therapy, the lymphoma was controlled for five years and she had no evidence of cryoglobulinemia [13].
• Behçet's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin [14].
• Multiple myeloma, cryoglobulinemia and xanthomatosis. Distinct clinical and biochemical syndromes in two patients [15].

Biological context of Cryoglobulinemia

• The main immunologic features were ANA, detected in 75% of patients, RF in 63%, cryoglobulinemia in 50%, hypocomplementemia in 40%, SMA in 30%, PCA in 25%, anti-Ro/SS-A in 25%, AMA in 20% and anti-La/SS-B in 16% [16].
• To determine whether the HCV genotype is a factor implicated in the onset of cryoglobulinemia, genotyping by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products of the 5' non coding region was carried out among 45 HCV-infected patients [17].
• Low number of complement C3b/C4b receptors (CR1) on erythrocytes from patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: relationship with disease activity, anticardiolipin antibodies, complement activation and therapy [18].
• HCV viraemia was detected by polymerase chain reaction technique in 13/15 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and anti-GOR antibodies, expression of HCV-related autoimmunity, were present in 8/15 [19].
• RESULTS: HCV serology was positive in 53/86 (61.6%) patients, 25 (47.2%) of whom had detectable cryoglobulins in their sera although only 1 had clinical symptoms consistent with cryoglobulinemia [20].

Anatomical context of Cryoglobulinemia

• The monoclonal RF studied were derived from the serum of patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia or from hybridomas generated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus [21].
• The clinical (isolated renal symptoms) and laboratory (traces of 3 monoclonal components in the serum and 2 normal bone marrow biopsy specimens) data provided no evidence of hematopoietic malignancy, viral hepatitis or cryoglobulinemia [22].
• Pseudothrombocytosis and pseudoleukocytosis occurred in a patient with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) and atypical cutaneous ulcers, when the blood cell counts were estimated by the Model S Plus Coulter Counter [23].
• At the end of therapy the cryoglobulinemia had disappeared, the preexisting autoantibodies remained present in all patients but 2; 3 patients had developed MCA without evidence of clinical or biological thyroid abnormalities and 3 others had developed either RF (1) or ANA (1) or ASMA (1), without any related symptoms [24].
• In 12 subjects such clinical signs were associated with a definite connective tissue disease (secondary SS): Rheumatoid Arthritis (2 cases), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (4 cases), Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (4 cases), Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia (2 cases) [25].

Gene context of Cryoglobulinemia

• TSLP transgenic animals developed polyclonal mixed cryoglobulinemia (type III) and a systemic inflammatory disease involving the kidney, spleen, liver, lung, and ears [26].
• Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of severe forms of vasculitis due to hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia [27].
• Lack of Fas and Fas-L mutations in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders associated with Sjögren's syndrome and type II mixed cryoglobulinemia [28].
• Murine cryoglobulinemia: pathogenic and protective IgG3 self-associating antibodies [29].
• Nonrheumatoid IgM in human hepatitis C virus-associated type II cryoglobulinemia recognize mimotopes of the CD4-like LAG-3 protein [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cryoglobulinemia

• In coinfected sera, HCV, but not HGV, was concentrated in cryoglobulins, and HCV, but not HGV, correlated with cryoglobulinemia in a longitudinal study [31].
• Immune complex behaviour during prolonged plasma exchange in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and systemic lupus erythematosus [32].
• Two patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic HCV infection, purpura, liver disease, and sensitive/motor neuropathy were treated with cyclosporine (2.5 mg/Kg/b.w.), after their failure to respond to treatment with corticosteroid, immunosuppressive drugs, interferon, and plasmapheresis [33].
• After treatment with prednisolone and melphalan, proteinuria disappeared, but macroglobulinemia and cryoglobulinemia were not improved [34].
• Cross-linked fibrin degradation products (XDP) were measured with a highly sensitive and specific ELISA in 21 patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) and in 16 controls [35].

References